Bio 105 1st Edition Final Exam GuideChapter 1Homeostasis is the maintenance of an internal environmentMetabolism is energy processingHeredity is DNA passed from one generation to the nextQuantitative data is data or observations that can be countedQualitative data are data or observations that can be describedDependent variable is the condition that is measuredIndependent variable is the condition that is changed or manipulatedControlled Experiment is one that is manipulated to see only one effectDeductive Reasoning is information gathered by factsInductive reasoning is information from popular and general ideasThe 7 characteristics of living things are: order, growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to stimuli, homeostasis and adaptationHierarchy of biology: atoms, molecules, organelles, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, species, community, ecosystem, biosphereEnergy flows from the sun to producers to consumers to the sunEvolution is genetic changes plus time. It is central to biology because all living things must evolve and adapt.The steps in the process of science are hypothesis, observations, testing, results.Controlled experiments are necessary for accurate interpretation o fdepedent variableA hypothesis is a prediction of results. If this, then that.A hypothesis and theory vastly differ. A theory is braod, peer reviewed, has a multitude of lines of testing, and a large amount of testing.Chapter 2 Ions are atoms with a change in the number of electronsIonic bonds are electron borrowingCovalent bonds are either unequal or equal electron sharing.Hydrogen bonds are the types of electron sharing with attration between polar moleculesfPolar: having both negative and positive polesNon polar: no polesHydrophilic: water lovingHydrophobic: water hatingReactant the ingredients in a chmical reactionProducts: the resulting compound after a chemical reactionAcid, solvent donating hydrogen ionsBase, Solvant accepts ions 4 chemical required for life: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon3 types of bonds: hydrogen, ionic, covelantHydrogen bonds share electronsCovelant bonds share electrons (sometimes unequally)Ionic bonds borrow and elnd electronsReactants and Products make up a chemical reactionHydrophobic molecules don’t like water, pH scale measures amount of hydrogenbio fluids are usually ph of 6-8Chapter 3Dehydration Syntehsis builds H2O atomsDenaturing breaks down protein structureHydrolysis breaks apart h2o atomsStarch stores energyGlycogen is made from glucosePhospholipids are composed of cholesterol, glycerol, fatty acid tails. They create the cell membraneTriglycerides are fatsSaturated fats are solid at room tempUnsaturated fats are liquid at room tempA monomer is the most basic unit to build a bio moleculeA polymer is repeating monomersWhen polymers are formed ds pulls the h2o out of monomers. Energy goes in. 4 Categories of large molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acidsLipds store energy, make hormones, and make up the membraneProteins structre, create enzymes and hormones. Nucleic acides store info4 levels of protein structurePrimary (sequence of amino acids Secondary (folds or coils of segmentsTertiary (3d structure overallQuaternary ( more than 1 peptide chainBase pairing for DNA: AT, CGBase pairing for RNA: AU, CGCell wall supports, protects, and binds cellsThe plasma membrane regulates traffic out and into the cellCytosol is the interior of the cell, jelly fluidCapsule is the jelly coating ouside for prokaryotesRibosomes make proteinsNucleoid Region is where prokaryotes hold dna without membrane in prokaryotesFlagellum helps prokaryotes moveFimbrae and pilli are the hairs on prokaryoteCentrosomes and centrioels are where the microtubules grow fromThe cilia are motion structures.Why do Cells Divide? How do Cells Divide?Cell Division underlies many of life’s important processes.The important roles of cell division in life’s organismsDefine:- Cell Division-- Daughter Cells-- Parent Cell-- Chromosomes-- Prokaryotes-- Eukaryotes-- Asexual Reproduction-- Sexual Reproduction- - Sperm- - Egg- - Gamete- - Zygote- - Binary Fission- - Cancer-- Mitosis-- Stages of Mitosis-- Daughter cells-- Chromosome-- DNA-- Eukaryotic Chromosomes- - Homologous pair-- Autosome-- XX-- XY-- Diploid-- Haploid-- 2n-- N-- Chromatin-- Chromatid-- Centromere-Answer:1. The ability to reproduce is one of __________ characteristics and defining signs of living organisms.2. Cells divide in order to ________ and __________________. 3. Cell division is also required for body ____________ and ______________________.4. Our DNA programming tells our cells when to grow and divide, but it also tell them whento ______. This is why we aren’t immortal beings.5. 1/__ of males and 1/__ females will be diagnosed with cancer in their life. 6. A house plant that you’ve grown with a “clipping” has reproduced __________________. 7. Sexual Reproduction requires the fertilization of ______________; or a __________ and an ______.8. Prokaryotes are simple creatures with simple chromosomes; as a result the ________ ________________ is simpler. 9. Prokaryotes reproduce using a type of cell division called __________ ______________. 10. The 3 Steps of Binary Fission include 1: Chromosomes ______________________, then move towards opposite ends of the cell. 2: The Cell __________________. 3: __________ ________________ grows inward and more ________ ________ is made. The result is two daughter cells.11. In Simpler terms, Binary Fission is 3 steps: Copy ______, Grow, and ____________. 12. Eukaryotes use ______________ to reproduce. 13. Pros to sexual reproductiona. No ________ is required. b. Biologically “______________”c. Easier to __________ to the environment.d. Good in ____________ environments.14. Cons to sexual reproductiona. Limits to ____________________ and evolution.b. Offspring is less able to __________ in an unstable environment.15. Mitosis produces identical “________________” cells.16. 3 Simple steps to mitosis:a. ________ DNAb. Separate ______c. Divide17. 3 Characteristics of Eukaryotic Chromosomes: a. Linearb. More ______________ and largerc. Many ____________ on each chromosome.18. Humans have ____ Chromosomes and ____ homologous pairs. 19. Humans have 1 pair of ______ Chromosomes and 22 __________________. a. They are similar, but not _________________.20. 2n, or a ________________ cell. 1n represents a ______________ cell. 21. Each