BIO105 1st EditionExam # Study Guide Lectures: 8-10Lecture 1 (January 29)Why do Cells Divide? How do Cells Divide?Cell Division underlies many of life’s important processes.The important roles of cell division in life’s organismsDefine:• Cell Division-• Daughter Cells-• Parent Cell-• Chromosomes-• Prokaryotes-• Eukaryotes-• Asexual Reproduction-• Sexual Reproduction- • Sperm- • Egg- • Gamete- • Zygote- • Binary Fission- • Cancer-• Mitosis-• Stages of Mitosis-• Daughter cells-• Chromosome-• DNA-• Eukaryotic Chromosomes-• Homologous pair-• Autosome-• XX-• XY-• Diploid-• Haploid-• 2n-• N-• Chromatin-• Chromatid-• Centromere-Answer:• The ability to reproduce is one of __________ characteristics and defining signs of living organisms.• Cells divide in order to ________ and __________________. • Cell division is also required for body ____________ and ______________________. • Our DNA programming tells our cells when to grow and divide, but it also tell them when to ______. This is why we aren’t immortal beings.• 1/__ of males and 1/__ females will be diagnosed with cancer in their life. • A house plant that you’ve grown with a “clipping” has reproduced __________________. • Sexual Reproduction requires the fertilization of ______________; or a __________ and an ______.• Prokaryotes are simple creatures with simple chromosomes; as a result the ________ ________________ is simpler. • Prokaryotes reproduce using a type of cell division called __________ ______________. • The 3 Steps of Binary Fission include 1: Chromosomes ______________________, then move towards opposite ends of the cell. 2: TheCell __________________. 3: __________ ________________ grows inward andmore ________ ________ is made. The result is two daughter cells.• In Simpler terms, Binary Fission is 3 steps: Copy ______, Grow, and ____________. • Eukaryotes use ______________ to reproduce. • Pros to sexual reproduction• No ________ is required. • Biologically “______________”• Easier to __________ to the environment.• Good in ____________ environments.• Cons to sexual reproduction• Limits to ____________________ and evolution.• Offspring is less able to __________ in an unstable environment.• Mitosis produces identical “________________” cells.• 3 Simple steps to mitosis:• ________ DNA• Separate ______• Divide• 3 Characteristics of Eukaryotic Chromosomes: • Linear• More ______________ and larger• Many ____________ on each chromosome.• Humans have ____ Chromosomes and ____ homologous pairs. • Humans have 1 pair of ______ Chromosomes and 22 __________________. • They are similar, but not _________________.• 2n, or a ________________ cell. 1n represents a ______________ cell. • Each chromosome comes from 1 ____________.• Chromosomes are actually 1 lone ______ molecule, made of chromatin and ______________.• The ends of each “X” are called ____________ chromatids when they are attached at the ____________________. • Sister ____________________ are identical. How do cells divide? The Cell Cycle:Define:• Interphase-• Nucleolus-• Cytokinesis-• G1-• G2-• S Phase-• Prophase-• Metaphase-• Anaphase-• Telophase-• Spindle Fibers- • Microtubules-• Metaphase Plate-• Cytoplasm-• Cytosol-• Cleavage Furrow-• Microfilament Cytoskeleton-• Cell Plate-Answer:• Growth and Division phases include ____________________, Mitosis, and ______________________.• Interphase replicates ______ and includes ____________ of the cell. • Division of the nucleus happens in ______________.• Division of the ________ and organelles happen in during cytokinesis. • Interphase is the cell’s “____________” phase.• ____% of the cell’s life involves Interphase.• 3 Parts to Interphase: 1: ____, 2: __ Phase, 3: ____. • Synthesis is the replication of ____________________.• Mitosis includes the ______________ Division and separating ____________ ____________________. • What are the 3 things to remember in prophase?• Chromosomes become ____________ and visible.• ______________ _______________ grows.• ______________ ________________ break apart.• What is the 1 thing to remember in metaphase?• Chromosomes line up on the __________________ plate. • What is the 1 thing to remember in Anaphase?• ____________ ____________________ separate.• Spindle Fibers have two jobs, during anaphase they pull apart the chromatids, but also ________________ the cell by pushing against each other. • What are the 3 things to remember during Telophase?• Chromosomes ____________ and disappear.• Mitotic Spindle __________________.• Nuclear envelope __________.• Telophase is the ________________ of Prophase.• Cytokinesis happens in conjunction with ________________.• The Cytoplasm is divided in __________________.• The main differences in animal mitosis and plant mitosis are the division phase of______________________.• In animal cells, a cleavage ____________ forms because of a band of __________ around the cell. The cell is ______________ apart.• In plant cells, ________________ carry membrane into the middle of the cell andcreate 2 __________________. This is known as a cell __________.Review these Figures:• 8.4• 8.5• 8.5-2• 8.6• 8.7Cancer: When cell division goes wrongTerms:• Karyotype-• Genetic Recombination-• Nondisjunction-• Oncogene-• Proto-Oncogene-• Tumor-Suppressor genes-• Trisomy 21-• Klinefelter Syndrome-• Normal Males chromosomes-• Normal Female Chromosomes-• Turner Syndrome-Questions:• Immortal ________ Cells• The first human line of cells to be grown in culture• Cells Need 4 things to grow and survive• __________________• Density• __________________• Biological ____________• Cancer is a ______________ Disease.• It calls for unregulated __________ ________________.• The Genes ________________ that control cell division are mutated or altered.• There are __________________ that control events in the cell cycle. Molecules start and stop an __________.• Molecules control• Growth ______________• Receptors• ________________ Molecules• Gene __________________.• __________________ are considered the cell cycle’s “gas pedal”• Tumor ______________________ are considered the “brakes”• There are check points at • G1• ____• ______________