BIO 105 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture: Core Themes in BiologyThe Process of ScienceOutline of Current Lecture:Chemistry BasicsAtoms & ElementsChemical basis of living thingsOrganic MoleculesChemical BondsIonicHydrogenCovalentChemical ReactionspHMeasuring pHAcids, Bases, BuffersCurrent LectureChapter 2: The Chemistry of LifeChemistry BasicsChemical elements are the building blocksorganic: living; our cellsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.inorganic: non livingElements92 can be found in nature25 are required for lifebig 4 (96%): carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogenAtomselectron - negative chargeprotons - positive chargeneutrons - neutral chargedIons - atoms that have a change in their #s of electronsthey are positive if they lose an electronthey are negative if they gain an electronChemical BondsCan be thought of as electron Sharing/ loaningElectrons form bonds based on the # of electrons that are needed to fill orbital3 types:1. Covalent Bonds: - Molecules are either polar (hydrophilic), or non-polar (hydrophobic)- They are the strongest bond- Electron sharing- Unequal Sharing: Polar Covalent bond-Equal Sharing: NonPolar Covalent bond2. Ionic Bonds: - Electron borrowing/ lending3. Hydrogen Bonds:- Attraction between polar molecules Chemical ReactionsReactions (ingredients)ProductsWaterMolecules dissolve in water-Hydrophilic (water bonding)-Polar-ChargedMolecules that don't dissolve in water-hydrophobic (don't like water)- non polarpHAcids and Bases-measures hydrogen ions: ionization/ water breaking apart moleculespH Scale- measures hydrogen ions- 0-14- most acidic - neutral - most basicAcid vs. Base- Acid donates ions increases H+- Base accepts ions decrease H+Most organisms are b/t 6-8Buffers minimize b/t changesOutline of current chapterWhat is a Polymer?Polymer ReactionsCarbohydrates-monomers-structure-functionsLipidsNucleic AcidProtiensBuilding BiomoleculesMonomer: The “brick of the buildingPolymer: Repeating subunits of the monomerBreaking down/ Building: Building polymers:dehydration synthesis, hydrolysisdehydration synthesis: pull h2O atoms out of monomer endergonic: energy is put inHydrolysis: to break apart: water is added, energy is subtractedCarbon StructureVariesWe change the binds/shapes of carbonStructure influences and determines functionCarbohydratesWater Soluable (hydrophilic)Sugar Monomer= monosacharides-glucose, fructose-Most end in “ose”Functions: Energy source molecule/storage/support/-starch/glycogen-lactose (structural)-chitin-cellulose (plant cell)Review table 1.1LipidsFeature: hydrocarbons (fatty acids)-not monomers, polymersWater insoluble (hydrophobic)Includes: fats, oils, waxes, pigments, dyesFunctions:-long term energy storage-hormones-cell membrane formation: we need lipids! all cell membranes are made from themFats: Triglycerides-glycerol (monomers)-fatty acid tails (hydrocarbons(-saturated fats ( butter, meat fat) solid at room temp, full of hydrogen-un saturated fats (olive oil, plant fat) liquid at room tempPhospholipids-cell membrane-cholesterol-glycerol-fatty acid tails-phosphate groupNucleic AcidsDNA, RNAMade from monomers called nucleotidesATCG- each has a different nitrogenous baseFunctions: dna: permanent storage for info, rna: temporary storage for info.They are for protein expression and productionDNA: 2 strands, 2 copies. A to T and C to GRNA: 1 strand5th nucleotide, UProteinsPolymers made of amino acids: 20 different monomersR group - functional group: different for each-amino acids: some are polar and some are non polarpolypeptides go through dehydration synthesis and build proteinsStructures-4 types/ levels: 1. order of amino acids (alpha helix, beta sheets2. Interactions between R group3. tertiary (3 dimensional shape very important!!)4. quaternary (not all proteins have this) proteins in complexesFunction/shape-Changes in salt, pH, high temp (cooking an egg)Functions-enzymes-transport -immune marker-signaling (hormones)-gene regulators-membrane receptors & regulation-structures-tissue fibers-actin myosin (muscle tissue)-lactase (digestive enzymes): takes milk sugar, breaks it