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EMU BIO 105 - DNA Structure and Function
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BIO 105 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. Resource WorksheetII. What is a gene?III. Mendel – Foundation of geneticsIV. Monohybrid crossesa. Law segregationb. Genetic tool: Punnett’s SquareV. Dihybrid Crossesa. Law of independent assortmentb. Genetics Tool: Pedigree VI. Genetic Traits and Conditions in HumansVII. Non- Mendelian Inheritancea. Incomplete Dominanceb. Codominance- ABO blood typingc. Pleiotypic Traitsd. Environmental EffectsVIII. Chromosomal Theory Inheritancea. Linkage and Recombination IX. Chromosomal Sex DeterminationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Sex-Linked TraitsOutline of Current LectureI. Structure: Nucleic Acid ReviewII. DNA vs RNAIII. Structural Featuresa. Nucleotides b. Special Bondsc. Complimentary StrandsIV. Discovering the Helixd. Watson, Crick, and FranklinV. Function: DNA ReplicationVI. Function: Protein Expression e. The Central DogmaVII. Transcriptionf. mRNAVIII. Translationg. The Genetic Codeh. tRNAi. RibosomesCurrent LectureI. DNA vs RNAa. DNA Structure i. Phosphate Groupii. Deoxyribose1. 5 Carbon Sugar moleculeiii. ¼ Nucleotides:1. Adenine2. Thymine3. Guanine4. Cytosineiv. DNA is Double Strandedv. 5’ -> 3’b. RNA Structurei. Riboseii. ¼ Nucleotides:1. Adenine2. Uracil (instead of Thymine)3. Guanine4. Cytosineiii. RNA is Single StrandedII. Structural Featuresj. Nucleotides i. AATTCCGG ->ii. TTAAGGCCk. Special Bondsi. DNA’s 2 strands are held together by hydrogena. Sugar phosphate backbone of the “ladder” are held by covalent bondsl. Complimentary Strandsi. Chargaff’s Rule1. Complimentary Base Pairing2. A pairs with T3. C pairs with GIII. Discovering the Helixm. Watson, Crick, and Franklini. Watson and Crick Published Roselin Franklin’s work.ii. Watson and Crick won a Nobel Prize iii. Franklin Discovered 1. Double Helix Shape2. Sugar Phosphate BackboneIV. Function: DNA Replicationa. Helicasei. “Unzips” Strands ii. Replication Fork 1. Portion of DNA that’s unzipped for the polymerase to come inV. Function: Protein Expression n. The Central Dogmai. Flow of Genetic Informationii. Transcription: DNA -> RNAiii. Translation: RNA-> ProteinVI. Transcriptiona. Replicating RNAo. mRNAi. DNA Polymerase1. Creates new strand by adding nucleotides to each ladder of the parent strand2. They’re given an alternate base pair.ii. DNA Ligase1. Links and sticks the finalized pieces together into a single DNA strandiii. DNA is a directional molecule1. 5’ -> 3’2. Anti-parallel strands: 3’ (prime) to 5’3. DNA polymerase continues on the continuous strand (5’->3’)4. DNA polymerase works the discontinued 3’->5’ strand in short “Okazaki fragments.”iv. Capping1. 5’ cap protects the mRNA when travelling out of nucleus2. Promoter is located at the beginning of the gene 3. Start site begins transcription4. Termination point ends transcriptionv. Editing1. RNA Splicing cuts out eh extra pieces, introns. They stay in the nucleus2. Exons are pieced together.VII. Translationa. Occurs in Nucleolusp. The Genetic Codei. Finalized RNAii. Codons are separated into mRNA nucletotides for the sake of reading the triplet proteins.1. Codon Table shows which amino acids are produced from triplet codonsq. tRNAi. Transfer RNA1. 3 ends of bases2. Amino acids are created on top and strung together3. Triplet codons are usedr. Ribosomesi. Protein+tRNAii. Helps create the amino acid


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EMU BIO 105 - DNA Structure and Function

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