BIO 105 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. What is a Polymer?II. Polymer ReactionsIII. Carbohydratesa. Monomersb. Structurec. FunctionsIV. LipidsV. Nucleic AcidVI. ProteinsOutline of Current LectureI. Cell TheoryII. Why are cells small?III. Cell MembraneIV. Major Types of CellsV. Prokaryotic Cella. Features b. StructuresVI. Eukaryotic Cella. Featuresb. Structures (Organelles)The Cell TheoryAll living things are made of cellsThe cell is the smallest living organismAll cells come from other cellsWhy are cells so small?They must be able to quickly:Respond to signals from the outsideTransport materials to the surfaceMove molecules around the cellThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Maintain homeostasis(if you get a bigger house, that’s even more to cleanOne word answer?EfficiencyWhy?Larger cells have less surface area for each unit of volumeCell MembranePlasma membraneStructure: Lipids, proteins, cholesterol. Phospholipid BilayerThe heads are polar, and hydrophilicThe tails are nonpolar, and hydrophobicThere are many embedded proteinsThey have channels and receptorsFunctions: Boundary, regulates trafficWhat attributes of life that is linked with membraneHomeostasis, Order, Response (receptors)Types of CellsProkaryoticNo nucleusNo compartmentsSmall, SimpleBacteria, ArchaeaCapsuleFimbrae/ PiliChromosomesRibosomesFlagellaEukaryoticCytoplasmPlasma Membrane Nucleus OrganellesLarge, ComplexPlants, Animals, Fungi, ProtistsStructures for Organizing functionsAll Cells HavePlasma, Membrane, Cytosol (Cytoplasm), Chromosomes, RibosomesOrganellesNucleusFunctions: Control Center of the Cell. Directs protein synthesisFeatures: Double membrane (nuclear envelope), Openings (nuclear pores), chromosomes inside, nucleolus (ribosomes are made here!)RibosomesFunctions: Protein SynthesisFeatures: Made of Protein and rRNA. It’s found in cytosol (cytoplasm) and bound ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER.)Endomembrane SystemFunctions: Molecule productions and Processing Features: Organelle Network, Connected VesiclesStructures: Nuclear Envelope, ER, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, PlasmsaMembraneEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER)Function: Creates moleculesStructure: It’s a large network of Membrane. Rough ER is ribosome studded. It produces proteins. The Smooth ER produces lipids and stores ions. Golgi ApparatusFunction: The UPS of the cell. Processing, Sorting, Tagging materials. The golgi gets molecules from the ER. Structures: Stacks of membrane. Number of Golgi Sacs vary. Vesicles that come into thegolgi are transport vesicles. The vesicles that go out are secretory vesicles.LysosomesFunction: The Lysol of the cell. They clean the cell and they are digestive enzymes.Structures: Membrane Sacs (from vesicles)Vacuoles and PeroxisomesVacuole (vacs): Protists: Contractile vacs eliminate waterPlants: Central vacs store waterPeroxisomes: metabolic reactions, break down fatty acids for fuel.MitochondrionFunction: The powerhouse of the cell. Convert molecules into ATP (energy), Metabolic ReactionsFeatures: Chloroplast (in plants) photosynthesis, cellular respirationStructure: DNA, 2 membranesCytoskeletonFunction: Structure and support, movement, anchors, organelles (organization)Structure: Protein Fibers (3 types)Microtubles: support, movement, separates chromosomesIntermediate filaments: support, anchors organismMicrofilaments: movement of the cell, cilia, flagellumCell Wall (plant cell)Function: Protection, structure to the cellStructure: Cellulose, holes in the wall that control trafficECM: Extra cellular matrixFunction: “telephone wires” they allow communicationStructure: Collagen fibers, integrin,