BZ 300 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Chapters: 9 - 12This study guide covers the material of Chapters 9-12 that will be on the exam. Most of the information is taken from Lecture notes and the book. In addition to this study guide, read Chapter 9-12 read the assigned readings she gave through Canvas, and compare this study guide to the lecture notes. Pay special attention to lecture 16, Parasite and Pathogens because it is not fully covered in the questions from this study guide.*Note: Because Mrs. Moore did not give us any questions to refer to for studying, I used the study questions given in the book at the end of each chapter. These questions DO NOT cover everything in lecture. Use the lecture notes as well to cover all the information. Chapter 9: Foraging1. Using the marginal value theorem, we have examined the influence of travel time on the decision to leave a patch and go to another one. What is the influence of patch quality? How would you investigate this aspect of patch choice and time spent in patch? Can you apply the marginal value theorem to your own foraging behavior?In order to make the decision to leave a patch and move to another the animal must be able to know theaverage value of each bush and the travel time to the next bush. An animal should move when the net gain from staying at the current patch decreases below the net value of moving to another patch with the travel time added in. The further away a current patch is, the more time the animal will stay at the current patch because the net value of the new patch would be less. *Note: Look at figure 9.19 on page 271 for a graphical depiction of the marginal value theorem. The Marginal Value Theorem applies to my own foraging behavior when picking blueberries, apples or strawberries from bushes and trees. If I have found a killer bush I will stay at the bush until I have picked most of the berries from that bush. If the travel time to the next bush is very close (a few feet away), then I am likely to stay at the current bush for a smaller period of time because the transit time is very small. However, if there is only one bush in the area or if the others aren’t of equal fruit production or if the others are far away, then I am likely to stay at the current bush longer, until I have completely expended all of the fruit at that bush.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. We have discussed some of the more widely acknowledged constraints on optimizing prey choice. Choose an animal in which you are particularly interested. Read about that animal and see if you can come up with a list of constraints that are likely to influence that animal’s foraging. Your list may be very different from our general one!If you would like to choose an animal and read about optimizing that particular prey choice for the animal, go right ahead. It will definitely strengthen your knowledge on optimizing prey choice. However, for this study guide I will just briefly explain the general ones listed in the book.The optimality foraging theory is time and measurement that is being optimized to try to maximize its total inclusive fitness. Constraints prevent an animal from reaching its optimal state of fitness. It is generally a limitation imposed by existing behavioral, morphological or physiological adaptations. If an animal is unable to learn how to efficiently open a seed, than it is not an optimal forager on that type of seed. The constraint would the natural selection that has diverted the animal from learning the correct way to open the seed. Due to changes in time and space, there may be something optimal at one location or at a time but not optimal at a different location or time. Evolution and natural selection sometimes is slower than the changing environment and must catch up, that lag and the consequences are the constraints on that animal. Nutritional constraints in prey often times come with tradeoffs, one item may contain high sodium but low energy, but the other will contain high energy but low sodium. Some plants or items may only be seasonal, so the animal (moose) would have to receive all of the requirement for that nutrition in the specific season. *Note: Look at section 9.9 for an equation on optimal prey choice and how the optimality foraging theory and constraints work statistically. 3. What is your preferred method of categorizing the ways in which animals get food? Why do you like this method? How does it help you think about foraging? Are some categorization methods better at stimulating thoughts and hypotheses than others?The two methods of categorizing the ways in which animals get food are exploitation or using the styles of foraging (i.e. herbivores, carnivores, Saphroges). I prefer using the term exploitation, because it is much more general and essentially covers the entire animal kingdom in terms of how animals get food. Exploitation means an animal living at another animal’s expense, meaning that it will essentially be the prey of another animal, and is basically only alive for that purpose. Although this is much more general than the styles of foraging it covers the overarching idea of how animals get food, being that everyone needs it. However, the specific styles: herbivory, carnivory and saprophages are more specific in where and how they get food. Indeed these categories are broken down further and cover more areas. It is hardto categorize the ways in which animals get food in one term without being too general. Although the term exploitation may be too general for hypotheses it helps to stimulate thoughts of the specific categories and how those living and non-living are essentially living for that species.4. Foraging can, at times, trump phylogeny. By that, we mean that certain foraging tactics can promote convergent evolution, with animals using specific resources converging on traits that help them exploit these resources. Consider the following groups: blood-drinkers, wood-eaters, intestinal parasites, and filter-feeding invertebrates. Do some research on any one of them and discover what foraging traits they have in common! If you are interested in this, research it! Also, Dr. Moore’s lecture on pathogens has some very interestinginformation on this topic. Chapter 10: Self-Defense*Note: The study questions for chapter 10 on page 303 require you to make many