BZ 300 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Trial and Error LearningII. Taste Aversion LearningIII. Taste Aversion Vs. Associative Learning/Operative LearningIV. Example: Bat Vampire StudyV. Cache RetrievalVI. PilferageVII. Social LearningVIII. What about the evolution of learning?IX. PlayOutline of Current Lecture.I. CognitionII. Does behavior represent thought?a. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)b. Gaze Followingc. LanguageIII. Concept of Selfa. Theory of Mindb. Self awareness and Mirror Testsc. Gaze Following d. Self Consciousnesse. EmpathyCurrent Lecture:Dr. Moore began the class by going over the previous exam and explaining the answers. The test review lasted for about half of the class period. We then transitioned into continuing Chapter 6 on CognitionI. Cognition: the ability of an animal to actually separate itself from the momentin which it is living and think about the past and future. It involves the conceptof self as a separate identity. At the highest level of congnitive behavior it allows the ability of connecting unrelated facts to solve problems. How can you test or ask if an animal is being cognitive? Very easy to anthropomorphic, because you are speculating if an animal actually solved a problem or did it just remember or did it as a strong genetic component, etc. Difficult to sort out, very murky area. Animals may be thought to be cognitive that do not haveall of the aspects, but some levels of them.a. Self Awareness: ability of an animal to assess condition and contrast with others in its population, compare oneself to anotherb. Mental time travel: use past experiences to forecast the future. c. Intelligence: learn, remember, solve problemsd. Insight: consider information and get novel solution, solving problems mentallye. Personality: sum of behavioral tendencies that make it unique among animals (can be distinguished from other animals in population, not necessarily unique). Personality distinguishes animals among others.II. Does behavior represent thought? a. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)- regulate state of molecules inside brain. If the same area is active in animal during similar task as humans than we can begin to hypothesize that the animal may began to follow the same course. Homologous area active?b. Gaze following- Ability of observing animal to follow the animals particular gaze to figure out what the observed animal is looking at. i. In humans, associated with superior temporal sulcus-rhesus macaque. ii. In order to gaze follow you must be able to speculate that the animal you are watching is not you and you can follow what they are watching. iii. Are animals in groups more perceptible to gaze following? Yes, probably happens more often in gaze animals because you have the connection of the herd. c. Language- abstract representation of objects, actions, and emotions using syntax (order) of those representations, novel combinations (distinguishes language from ritualized displays), and symbols. i. Cognition does not particularly require language. ii. Language is the ability to assign meaning to signals, signs, gestures to draw upon the meaning of those signals even if they are not related to the particular action.iii. Do animals have language like humans do? Possibly another form of anthropomorphic, because it is used to elevate humans above the natural world. iv. How would we recognize a language from another animal, especially if completely internal? Planning and self-awareness do not require language. Related to cognition but not a requirement.III. Concept of self: a. Theory of mind- animals who have a concept of self, can form hypothesisabout what another animal is thinking. Discern attentions for another animal.b. Self-awareness and mirror tests- Put a mirror in a cage with an animal, allow it to get used to how it looks in the mirror. After a while put a mark on the animal (change the appearance) if it reacts to the mark (licks, tries to rid of it), that is evidence that the animal it is self-aware.i. A number of animals have indicated that they have recognized themselves as individuals. ii. A negative result does not necessarily prove that an animal has a lack of awareness.1. Ex. Elephants: did not react to mirror. They then made unbreakable mirrors and stuck in cage and 2 out of 3 were able to recognize themselves when they has a smudge on them. Proves elephants are in fact self-aware.iii. If mirror tests give positive results, what does it mean? Does say animal is aware of itself as a being, but how do interpret that into overall cognitive being. c. Gaze following: Humans are very sensitive to it. Babies tend to do it even before it can recognize itself in a mirror. i. Dogs do it, but wolves do not. May indicate a very strong selection towards domestication to follow what humans are looking at, do follow humans gaze. May also be a great ecological tool, competitive towards food and other necessities. d. Self consciousness- awareness that there is some kind of norm in behavior, and that behavior is used by some kind of conspecifics. i. Requires a degree of mind, can differentiate between self and others. ii. Guilty behavior in dogs, is an anthropomorphic interpretation, but in fact they react to displeasure as a direct reaction to humans.e. Empathy: is the ability to actually understand one another and the organisms experience. i. Requires a theory, animals that showed a positive result in mirror tests have had a direct correlation to having empathy. ii. Facial Mimicry- facial expressions that animals use and show can be followed and copied by another animal within the social group ifthe animal is receptive. Facial mimicry gives an indication to cognitive