BZ 300 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. Audible Signals a. Soundb. Definitionsc. Sound Production Mechanismsd. Infrasounde. Ultrasoundf. Chorusesg. Auditory NoiseII. Visual Signalsa. Three Challenges in Waterb. Three Categories of Visual Signalsc. Colord. Visual Noisee. Electrical Signalsf. Multimodal Signalingg. Mating Signals Outline of Current Lecture: I. Deceit vs. Honest Signalinga. Honest Signalsb. Deceit SignalsII. Game Theorya. Prisoners Dilemmab. Evolutionary Stable Strategyc. How to Apply Game Theoryd. Hawk Vs. DoveIII. Interspecific Signalinga. Attractiveb. Repellentc. EavesdroppingIV. Movement or Navigationa. Movementi. Search Movementii. Navigationiii. OrientationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iv. Directional Orientationv. Honingvi. Gathering Informationvii. Navigation Toolbox! Definitionsviii. Odometersix. Cognitive Mapsx. SearchCurrent Lecture:I. Deceit vs. honest signalinga. Honest signals is where the sender and receiver have same interestsb. Deceit signals are an exploitation of the receiver; often in mate choice and parental care.Most of the deceit behavior comes from extra pair copulation (EPC).c. Costly signals are a way to ensure honesty. If signals are expensive to make it is difficult to pretend to make the signal. Therefore, a receiver that demands a signal that is expensive, than that kind of receiver can impose honesty. These signals have to be honest and will be preferred by receiver, this is a handicapped principal. An animal who cannot make this symbol, will not be selected for in mating. d. A second explanation of expensive signals is runaway selection, where a female prefers a male with a big, better, brighter signal. The offspring will inherit the trait and it will be an exponential increase because natural selection will favor it.e. Sender: Minimizes time and effort, present signal is always advantageous to senderf. Receiver: enhances insight, discerns honest signalsg. Signaling can actually be used to deceive another species, ex. Fireflies. II. Game Theory uses mathematical models to predict how animals with mutual interests behave. You can then manipulate the info exchange into a model.a. See Prisoner’s Dilemma p. 211. Two prisoners, each being talked to separately by an officer. Two choices, can either confess the crime or stay quiet. If both are quiet they do not have much evidence on either one, both may be locked up for a month or so. If prisoner A confesses and B does not, than prisoner B goes to jail for longer. If they cheat on each other than one has a chance to do better, but if they keep quiet than both get introuble. If they both confess, than they both go to jail and stay in jail for a longer period of time that staying quiet, but for a less of time than if just one confessed. i. Good example of how the conditions of game theory can model to demonstrate actual behavior among social groups.b. Evolutionary Stable strategy-cannot be displaced in a population by a new strategy, work fairly well and will out compete all other strategies.c. How to apply game theory: i. Identify possible strategies, determine outcomes givenii. Different tactics, repeat game to see if one strategy is always superior (ESS)iii. Can Model that to see if it is in fact superior in fieldiv. Observe natured. Hawk vs. Dove: Hawk has a tendency to fight and the dove doesn’t.i. Which type tends to win? It depends. When caching all food in one location it pays to be a hawk to defend the cache, but if you put it in many places it pays to be a dove. ii. It depends on the environment and which method is most acceptable. III. Interspecific Signaling: Most signals involve intraspecific, but can also evolve in between species.Three types of interspecific signaling:a. Attractive: an example is cleaning fish. Cleaners must have displays to show that the animal is a cleaning fish and the other animal will in turn clean it.b. Repellent, defensive: Work to benefit both parties. For example, a rattle on a rattlesnake shows that it is dangerous and the other animal avoids and the snake doesn’t get harmed.c. Eavesdropping- a sense of alarms, and hearing other pieces of relevant information or signals between species. IV. Movement or Navigation (NEW TOPIC)a. Movement is search, navigation, migration, and dispersal. Movement varies drastically, can vary on a seasonal or daily basis. Integrates more parts of a life than is thought abouti. Search movement- movement to accomplish some sort of goal, can be random or have a specific method to it. ii. Navigation is the guided movement from one location to another specific location. Navis means ships in Latin. Agere means guidance in Latin. 1. Need two things to navigate: both your current location as well as the location of your goal.2. Navigation may use external or internal cues along with cognitive maps, genetics, etc. Can use a number of tools that bring in bits and pieces of everything we have studied so far. 3. Genetic navigational information is really good for a route or method that does not change for a generations and generations.4. Learned information is something that changes often and will have to be learned during an individual’s lifetime.5. Landmark is a significant environmental feature that is stable in location,often times visual. 6. Compass can be either a physiological or mechanical device that allows 360-degree view of landscape.iii. Orientation is the way an animal positions itself in the case of external cues. Notthe same as navigation.iv. Directional Orientation is continuing in same compass direction if displaced.v. Honing movement with the goal of reaching a known resource. vi. Gathering Information:1. Presence of cue is easier to sense than location2. Triangulation measures the intensity of stimuli from two different locations, must perceive goal from two different locations.3. Depending on sensory organs gather information can be:a. Simultaneous triangulation (stereoscopic vision, through only vision)b. Sequential Triangulation (move head from side to side to get a farther view)c. Using these types really depends on the animalvii. Navigation Toolbox! Definitions:1. Kineses (pl)- changes in speed of movement without any orientation to source of stimulus or anything. Can be a straight line (orthokinesis) or turning would be klinokinesis. Does not have any
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