BZ 300 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. Wrapping up Clever HansII. 2 Types of Questions in Behavioral StudiesIIII. 2 main branches of Comparative psychologya. Behaviorismb. Cognitive PsychologyV. Ethologya. Definition of ethologyb. Karl Von Frisch and Konrad Lorenzc. Niko Tinbergen- Tinbergen’s Four QuestionsVI. Generalizations Often Seen in Animal Behaviora. Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)b. Stimulus required as a triggerVII. Nature Vs. Nurture ConflictIX. Behavior GeneticsOutline of Current Lecture I. Single gene effectsII. Evolution and Behaviora. Bees expressing Hygienic behaviorIII. Evolution and Behaviora. SwiftletsIV. Multigenic Effects:a. Cross-fostering experimentsb. Twin/Adoption Studiesc. Artificial SelectionV. Single Gene MutationsVI. Quantative GeneticsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Varianceb. Heritabilityi. Parent Offspring Regressionc. Polygenic Controld. EpistasisVII. The Puzzle of Consistent BehaviorCurrent LectureI. Single gene effects- tied very closely to Mendelian Genetics. Many simple examples are present. One strong example is the American Foulbrood-bacterium, destroys bee colony. a. In bees that express hygienic behavior workers can remove, uncap, and pitch the cell carrying the bacterium. If the bee has unhygienic behavior, the bacterium cannot be removed. If you cross true breeding hygienic with unhygienic, you do not get hygienic traits. Failure to remove the bacteria, the unhygienic is dominant. When you cross UURR(nonhygenic) with uurr (hygienic-uncap/remove) you get four typical mendelian offspring: uncap/no removal, no uncap/removal, uncap/removal and no uncap/no removal. A minimum of two genes will work with this specific crossing.b. *Note look at chapter one and review evolution.II. Evolution- change in gene frequencies over many generations in response to an environmental change that will result to that adaptation of change. Behavior on the other hand, is the short term change at an individual level, can adapt to new circumstances. In future generations naturalselection can then act on to produce a longer lasting change. a. Ex. Swiftlets- Birds nest soup is swiftlet spit. Many glue their nest to a rock surface and that glue is a typical component of birds nest soup. Delicacy! In some species the main ingredient of the nest is twigs and feathers, but the glue is much more important. Lee et al. compared information and asked how the behavior evolved, researchers found the behavior evolved more than once as a predominant feature of the nest. Interspecific variation in importance of glue. By asking questions can determine how strong the lineage is.b. Note: Look at example and chart in book for a better explanation.c. How can we use environmental variation and genetics to understand the contribution of each? Gene behavior, if there is a behavior and gene causes mutation it won’t overpower the genes. We can see a clear and genetic behavior with 1 to 2 genes (bees). Most genes however have a genetic and environmental tie. III. Multigenic effects: Cross-fostering experiments- Transferring Neonatal animals from parent female to another female. a. Give mother B offspring to mother A and compare genetically similar animals with different rearing environments. You would have a mixed clutch of genetically similar animals and non-related. If genetically similar animals exhibit same behavior than the genetic traits are strong. b. Doug Mock- Wanted to know why great egrets females routinely killed eachother, as we well as the great blue herons rarely killed each other- siblicide. Why? Hypothesis- preysize? Egrets feed little fish, no monopoly. Great blue herons big fish, harder to monopolize. c. Just about prey? When heron chicks were raised by egrets began to kill them off, stronger to environmental conditions. There was a genetic basis to favor that behavior EVEN when it wasn’t necessary. Must have data to how animals behave with own parents and data of behavior to how different species/family raise and rear. IV. Multigenic effects: Twin/adoption studies- Compare resemblance between fraternal and identical twins. Are fraternal twins as similar as identical twins in trait than the genetic differenceis not so big. If there is a difference in trait than the genetic difference is big. a. Prediction-if genetics are important identical twins should be more similar.b. Similar to adoptive children, if the behavior trait is stronger in the genes it should be similar to the behavior of the biological parent than it is of the adoptive parent. If environment is imp, adopted children will resemble adoptive parents. c. Cautionary note-identical twins are treated more similarily than non identical twins and adopting agencies try to place children in similar environments of where they came from. d. Traits that may be genetic, a child can still illicit different behaviors from different caretakers. V. Multigenic effects: Artificial Selection- you need variation in trait, similar to natural selection. Huge amount of variation in ancestral traits. Especially in dogs, will breed true regardless if it wasoriginally based off of artificial or natural selection. VI. Multigenic effects: Single gene mutations- Solenosis invicta- ants. When introduced to South America, no predators or anything. GP-9 codes for a receptor molecule, the mutation means thatants cannot discriminate among queens. Multiple queens in colony and can grow super fast, have multiple invaders.VII. Quantitative Genetics: Oftentimes you see continuous variation in a species over generations, lots and lots of traits are in use to create a behavior. We use qualitative traits as the source of behavioral variation. Definitions:a. Variance-how different each individual is from the average for that trait in the specific population. If you plot the scores in a frequency distribution, the tall narrow line in the graph will mean that most of the population is very close to the average. A flatter line and plot would mean that the variation in the population is vastly different. b. Polygenic control-depend on lg# or genes. c. Equation: Vp=Vg+Ved. Vp is the population variance. The population variance (total phenotypic variance) is thesum of genetic variance and environmental variance. May have interaction between genotype and environment. e. Heritability- proportion of