BZ 300 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. Deceit vs. Honest Signalinga. Honest Signalsb. Deceit SignalsII. Game Theorya. Prisoners Dilemmab. Evolutionary Stable Strategyc. How to Apply Game Theoryd. Hawk Vs. DoveIII. Interspecific Signalinga. Attractiveb. Repellentc. EavesdroppingIV. Movement or Navigationa. Movementi. Search Movementii. Navigationiii. Orientationiv. Directional Orientationv. Honingvi. Gathering Informationvii. Navigation Toolbox! Definitionsviii. Odometersix. Cognitive Mapsx. SearchOutline of Current Lecture: I. Homing Behaviora. Beesb. Pigeons II. Migrationa. Avian Migrationi. Phases of Migration:1. Preparationa. Fat Depositionb. Migratory Restfulness2. Initiationii. Nocturnal MigrationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Migratory Directioniv. Time of Dayv. Emlen’s Planetarium Experimentb. Salmon Migrationc. Anadromousd. Two Phases to Return:i. Recognizing Coastlineii. Recognizing StreamlineIII. DispersalCurrent Lecture:*Note: Chapter 9 will not be covered in lecture but will be included on the test. Read Chapter 9 about foraging on your own! I. Homing Behavior is where animals return to a central place, their nest or territory. a. Occurs more frequently in short distances, than long distances as seen migration.b. Varies in complexity. Animals can make stops or go farther or shorter distances. c. Ex. Bees are central place foragers and use path integration to return home. They have a dance, which informs nest mates on distance (odometer) and direction to home. Bees measure distance by how fast the images flow. Landmarks and cognitive maps are also important in the direction and navigation.d. Ex. Pigeons use almost the entire toolbox. Have a map sense and compass sense. Redundancy of types of tools is key, if one method does not work or is inhibited, they can use another system. Back-up!i. Landmarks are very important where pigeons are already familiar, to verify path.If pigeons move to an area where they have never been, can use olfaction to differentiate different odors to develop an odor map, by the use of the wind. ii. If you interfere with odor and landscapes, pigeons have trouble finding its way home. iii. Tend to also use sun to help with direction. If you shift the circadian rhythm, clock shifting, than the actual position of the sun will disrupt the direction of thepigeon. It will use the morning sun as the afternoon sun.iv. Pigeons use the earths magnetic field. If you interfere with it, you can interfere their ability to fly home. II. Migration is the movement of a fairly lengthy distance accompanied by a return during specific seasons, spring or fall. The return can either be in the migrating animal specifically or in other descendants (Dispersal on the other hand is mainly a one-way ticket).a. Must know the route. Can learn the route genetically or by flying or moving with adults and learning the route. b. Allows animals to take advantage of habitats at different stages of life, season, or weather and can have multiple habitats that are more useful.c. Migratory animals present real challenges for conservation problems and are difficult to manage because they have multiple habitats. The animals can be doing just fine in one habitat, but have a large difficulty in another habitat if that habitat changes.d. Evolution of migration is not well understood…why do some animals migrate and others do not? Continental drift?e. Avian Migration:i. Artic Tern is the star bird migratory, can migrate more miles than any other bird!ii. Thrushes can do 130,000 miles in one night!iii. Some large birds have been found as high as 20,000 feet! Oxygen levels can be a struggle with high altitude, creating its own problems.iv. Avian migration shares a common method and is closely linked to biological rhythm and relies on the seasons. v. Two phases of migration:1. Preparation is very dependent on photoperiod for both stages and regulates the activities for all events. Preparation has two physiological events: a. Fat Deposition- energy expensive and can use up to 40% of body weight, can use up all of metabolic storage. Sex hormones and migratory behavior is not linked, one is not needed for the other.b. Migratory restfulness is where animals get more and more jumpy and do not sleep much. Leads up to initiation phase of migration.2. Initiation is not photoperiod dependent. Once animals are ready to fly, much more short-term cues are needed. Weather, temperature and other daily factors will influence their decision to actually fly.vi. Nocturnal Migration is adaptive because it allows for protection when taking offand landing against predators and helps to reduce energy in the heat. vii. Some species have stopovers, which are not a pause, but the birds will stop and create a habitat to forage and live for days to weeks at a time and then continue on.viii. Migratory direction oftentimes has a strong genetic component. Many species if displaced, will fly in the direction, orientation that they would originally have flown. If animals are cross fostered, the offspring will fly in the same orientation as their biological parents.ix. Depending on time of day: sun compass is used for diurnal migration, and celestial compass (stars) are use for nocturnal migration, and geomagnetic fields as well.x. Emlen’s Planetarium Experiment: Emlen used a planetarium to see what cues birds used as migratory cues. 1. He put baby birds in a planetarium, and made the night sky rotate around the beetle juice (a bright star). 2. When it came time to migrate, he had a funnel that was laced with charcoal in order to see in which direction the birds went.3. When it was time to migrate, they all flew towards the beetle juice, using it as an indication of North. They were genetically programmed to learn the night sky and knew the star that didn’t move was the North direction. 4. If the birds were not allowed to see any specific star than the birds migrated in every direction. III. Salmon Migrationa. Anadromous, meaning running up a river, is where young salmon leave the stream where they hatch and move thousands of miles to sea to return to a natal stream.b. Two phases to return:i. Recognizing coastlineii. Recognizing streamc. In order to ever recognize stream again they must learn the stream odor and the chemical composition.i. Experiments: 4-armed maze,