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CSU BZ 300 - Social Behavior
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Bz 300 1st edition Lecture 24 Outline of Last Lecture I. Cooperationa. Kin Selectioni. Calculating Relationship using Pyramid imageii. Basis of Hamilton’s Rule1. Example: The Drowning Siblinga. Case 1b. Case 22. Classical Fitness3. Inclusive Fitnessb. Reproductive Skewi. Concession Modelii. Restraint Modelc. Group Selectiond. Social Contract Modeli. Reciprocal Altruisme. Delayed Competitionf. Stolen Aid Coerciong. Extreme Cooperationi. Sex Determination and Relatedness1. Diplodiploid Sex Determination2. Haplodiploid Sex Determination3. Predictions from Haplodidiploidyii. Pre-adaptations for Social Recognitioniii. Must have kin recognition and social recognition1. Kin Recognition2. Phenotype Matchingiv. Social Symbiosis1. Commensalism2. Paratism3. Mutualism4. Social Parasitesa. Interspecific ExamplesII. Comparative and Social Behaviora. Two Themesi. Cost/Benefit use of evolutionii. Ecological Efficiencyb. Comparison of three birds that use this to some degree:i. Barn Swallowsii. Sociable WeaversThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Acorn WoodpeckersOutline of Current Lecture:I. Social Behaviora. Spotted Hyenasb. Lionsc. Chimpanzeesd. Eusocial Mammalse. Invertebrate Eusociality: Workersf. Workers: Size, shape and sociality i. How can we fiddle with growth and size to increase specialization?1. Isometric Growth2. Allometric Growthii. Why do different sizes do different jobs?g. Invertebrate Eusociality: Reproductioni. Primitively Eusocialii. Highly Eusocialh. Reproduction Successioni. Invertebrate Eusociality- Colony defenseCurrent Lecture:I. Social Behaviora. Spotted Hyenas i. Social aggressiveness is in their genetic make-upii. Live in clans, linear dominance hierarchy. First describe in chickens and called pecking order: A is dominant to B, who is dominant to Ciii. Females remain in clan, males are dispersersiv. Communal Nursingv. Fission-fusion: small groups may break apart and then come back and rejoin. vi. Fission-fusion is dependent on resources. When they have enough resources, they stay in a large group if ableb. Lionsi. Females are related. In dominance hierarchy, the top are generally the better huntersii. Males defend but do not huntiii. Pride size can adjust a little bit, can be larger or smalleriv. At maturity, male clubs are expelled. Until they can find a pride to associate with, they form Bachelor coalitions (male disperse) and work together with other males.v. When males come in and try to take over a pride, they frequently try to kill the preexisting babies. vi. Fission-fusionc. Chimpanzeesi. Famous for fission-fusion dispersalii. 20-100 animals in a groupiii. Females are the loners, move among groupsiv. Males form very strong coalitions and tend to be fairly related. They tend to be structured by individuals and what they learn about each other, rather than structured by kinv. Dominant females do produce healthier offspring and reproduce more.vi. Reciprocity of acts is very importantvii. Mating is polygynandrous, not promiscuity. There is some choice going on.d. Eusocial Mammalsi. Naked mole-rat, Damaraland Mole rat are two species of mole-rats that have permanent sterile workers. ii. Up to 100 non-sterile workers living in tunnel system, 1-3 males are reproductiveand only 1 queeniii. Queen maintains dominance through aggression. iv. Dominance is linearv. Male workers are reproductively suppressed but can become reproductive if they are freed from the suppressed environmentvi. Queen can live up to 17 yearsvii. Cannot thermoregulatory abilityviii. Workers are in two categories: Hard workers with no hope of ever reproducing, and workers who don’t work as hard but can reproduce and disperse if given theopportunityix. Colonial living and high value tunnel system sets change for eusociality. There are no other choicesx. Eusociality is on a continuum from minimum cooperation to maximum cooperation and from permanent reproduction suppression to fluctuating reproduction suppression.e. Invertebrate Eusociality: Workersi. Selection is acting on Queen’s phenotypeii. Caste is set up in two ways: division of labor and reproductioniii. In a small social group, there is a primitively social bee where a queen establishes dominance by nudging other bees and does not let them pass. iv. The number two bee guards the entrance to where they are leavingv. The rest of the bees forage/constructvi. Where they live is direct result on how they sort out and establish their position.f. Workers: Size, shape and sociality i. Extreme differences in workers does not exist in workers who can flyii. This may lead us to hypothesize that flight itself constrains the ability of the worker to have a large variation in workersiii. Size variation is based off natural selection because it aids in specialization.iv. How can we fiddle with growth and size to increase specialization?1. Isometric growth- all grow at the same rate2. Allometric growth- everyone grows at a different rate, some parts grow differently and faster than others. This is a basis for taxonomical divergence across the world. 3. Allometric growth of head is common for differentiation of specializationv. Why do different sizes do different jobs?a. Different castes need to be attracted to different places and encounter tasks more frequently than other tasks,g. Workers: Age and Socialityi. In larger colonies, dominance hierarchies are less likelyii. Temporal polytheism is common- time based, many behaviorsiii. Worker tend to move toward perimeter of nest and beyond as they ageiv. Location and age is all that is needed to create a complex division of laborv. Oldest workers tend to take on the riskiest tasks, more expendablevi. In contrast people, as a result of experience, avoid risky tasks as they get oldervii. Preferred location + age is all it takes to create a complex division of labor.h. Invertebrate Eusociality: Reproductioni. Primitively Eusocial- little morphological difference, queen may be slightly larger, can build nest on her ownii. Highly Eusocial- highly differentiated queen1. Workers may be smaller than queen but some species may have the potential to develop ovariesiii. Kin selection theory expects queen will only mate with one, because more fathers in colonies you dilute the genetic relatedness1. Queen can benefit from multiple males, because it increase genetic diversity: increases


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CSU BZ 300 - Social Behavior

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