BZ 300 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-7This study guide covers the material of Chapters 1-4 that will be on the exam. The exam will not include Chapter 5, Learning. Most of the information is taken from Lecture notes, but Chapter 2 was not covered in lecture. In addition to this study guide, read Chapter 1-4, primarily 2, read the assigned readings she gave through Canvas, and compare this study guide to the lecture notes.*Note: Because Mrs. Moore did not give us any questions to refer to for studying, I used the study questions given in the book at the end of each chapter. These questions DO NOT cover everything in lecture. Use the lecture notes as well to cover all the information.Chapter 1: Framing Animal Behavior1. Make your own attempt to define behavior. What are the important elements? Do you see why movement alone does not capture all of behavior? Behavior of an animal is the combination of movement, social interaction, cognition and learning. Movement alone does not define behavior because they are so many factors that go in to make that specific movement. In order to understand the behavior, you must understand the underlying factors as well. The important elements to define behavior is the: - Movement, result of activity of cilia flagellae or the muscles- Interactions with other animals, in either pairs or groups- Learning and memory. These concepts tie in greatly with movement, because it is impossible to learn without moving a muscle.- Thought and understanding2. Without looking back in the chapter, list the four central questions of animal behavior (Tinbergen’s Questions). 1. What is the Causation?2. How do behaviors develop? Change?3. What is the survival value of the behavior?4. What is the evolution of behavior?3. Explain the importance of each of the four questions.Niko Tinbergen took the work of early theologists and began to synthesize their work. Two of his questions are ultimate and two are proximate. Tinbergen formulated four groundbreaking questions:1. What is the Causation? Internal and external stimuli of the animal, mechanisms that results in a specific behavior. To understand causation we focus on the animal’s behavioral responses to stimuli from the external environment.2. How do behaviors develop? Change? To survive and reproduce animals must change its behavior throughout its life. Sexual maturation plays a critical role in development, physiological and morphological changes prepare animals for adulthood.3. What is the evolution of behavior? Where did it come from? Tells us about the origin of a behavior in time.4. What is its function? What is the survival value of the behavior? Survival value addresses the usefulness of behavior in terms of fitness and natural selection.4Wolves exemplify complex social behavior. Can you see how hunting in groups makes wolves more efficient predators and increases the range of prey they can exploit?By hunting in groups it allows the wolves to “relay run” by switching out the chaser and essentially tire out the prey to a point of exhaustion. Ambushing prey also helps when working with groups, they can come at all different angles circling around the prey. 5. Cockroaches help us understand causation and adaptive value. Can you explain how cockroaches can so easily escape when you try to squash them? The direction of movement of the hairs on the cerci signals to the cockroach’s nervous system about the direction of air current, thus warning them when there is a particular threat. A specific hair moves easiest in one direction, so with a given air current in a specific direction, only certain hairs will move. Each hair is connected to a nerve and will determine which nerves will fire when a hair moves. This behavior of cockroaches help usto understand the mechanism that causes escape and to understand how natural selection favors this behavior.6. Read some scientific papers about animal behavior that were written in the early and middle parts of the 20th century. Would you view them as ethological or psychological? Why? DO you recognize influences from Lorenz, Skinner and others? Know the difference between ethology and psychology studies.The study of Ethology is done in natural conditions with backgrounds in biology. Has European origins. Ethos is defined as a character or habit of an individual. Behavioral traits can be studied from an evolutionary standpoint and are used to determine the reasons or explanations of the ethos. Ethogram is defined as the inventory of a behavior ofa species, specifically how animals spend their time. Karl Von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen all separately began doing studies on Ethology and animal behavior simultaneously. The collection of their work, lead to all of the scientists receiving the Nobel Prize in medicine.The two main branches of Comparative Psychology in 19th century are behaviorism and cognitive psychology. Comparative psychology focused on emphasizing mechanisms and proximate questions. Romanes, mainly known for attributing human traits to animals, founded comparative psychology. Behaviorism was developed by Watson and Skinner andwas concerned only on the behavior that was occurring, not on why it was occurring on a physiological level. Skinner Box was developed, where an animal was stuck in a box and must determine what buttons to press. The Skinner box studied the relationship of stimuli and how they animals make the connection on what button to press. Cognitive psychologyincludes physiological psychology. Another type of psychology is perceptual psychology, addressing how you get a movement to occur. This psychology addressed sensation and how animals choose to interpret it. Chapter 2: Neurobiology and Endocrinology for Animal Behaviorists1. What are the parts of a neuron, and how is an action potential transmitted by a neuron?A neuron is consists of a cell body, or a soma, with a nucleus. The cell body is the portionof the neuron containing the nucleus. Dendrites are branching structures that extend from the neuron and interact with adjacent neurons. An axon is the elongated portion of the neuron that carries the nervous signal that targets other neurons, muscles or organs. An action potential is transmitted by a neuron when the cell membrane is stimulated by a neurotransmitter or a sensory input. The particular stimulation causes the cell membrane to depolarize, causing an electrical difference between the outside and inside of