BZ 300 1st Edition Lecture 23Outline of Last Lecture I. Exam 3 ReviewII. Social LivingIII. Dominance Hierarchiesa. Early studies of wolves and dominancei. Similarities between Dog and Wolvesii. Studies with wild wolvesb. Resource Holding Power (RHP)c. Aggregated NestingIV. Cooperationa. Kin Selectioni. Hamilton’s Ruleb. Reproductive Skewc. Group Selectiond. Social Contract Modele. Delayed Competitionf. Coercion/ Stolen AidOutline of Current LectureI. Cooperationa. Kin Selectioni. Calculating Relationship using Pyramid imageii. Basis of Hamilton’s Rule1. Example: The Drowning Siblinga. Case 1b. Case 22. Classical Fitness3. Inclusive Fitnessb. Reproductive Skewi. Concession Modelii. Restraint Modelc. Group Selectiond. Social Contract Modeli. Reciprocal Altruisme. Delayed Competitionf. Stolen Aid Coerciong. Extreme Cooperationi. Sex Determination and Relatedness1. Diplodiploid Sex Determination2. Haplodiploid Sex DeterminationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Predictions from Haplodidiploidyii. Pre-adaptations for Social Recognitioniii. Must have kin recognition and social recognition1. Kin Recognition2. Phenotype Matchingiv. Social Symbiosis1. Commensalism2. Paratism3. Mutualism4. Social Parasitesa. Interspecific ExamplesII. Comparative and Social Behaviora. Two Themesi. Cost/Benefit use of evolutionii. Ecological Efficiencyb. Comparison of three birds that use this to some degree:i. Barn Swallowsii. Sociable Weaversiii. Acorn WoodpeckersCurrent Lecture: I. Cooperationa. Kin Selectioni. Calculating relationship of relatives. Refer to pyramid image below as a reference to these notes. 1. Parents and offspring are related by one half. 2. On average you are related to your brother and sister by one half. Due tomeiosis and recombination, the average varies quite a lot.3. You are related by one fourth to your grandparents.4. In order calculate relatedness, you take the shortest path counting each linkage as one step to get to the other letter (shown in pyramid). Each step is a separation. 5. The relatedness is the probably raised to the n= #steps. As shown in the equation: r=1/2^nQuickTime™ and a decompressorare needed to see this picture.ii. Basis of Hamilton’s Rule1. b/c>1/ra. C=risk involved X potential for future reproductionb. B=added reproduction to recipient because of donors actc. Rearrange Hamilton’s equation: rB>C2. Example- the drowning sibling (assume that each sibling will have two offspring if survive, which is benefit of surviving) Relatedness of rescuer and sibling is .5. a. Case 1. Risk of rescuer is very small, and only a 10% chance of drowning. Risk of drowning in attempt =.01 (10%)i. rB (0.5)(2)=1ii. C=(0.1)(2)=.2iii. 1>.2 meets Hamilton’s inequalityb. Case 2. What if risk of drowning is 0.9? If it was based strictly on passing on genetic genes, than Hamilton’s inequality is not met and the kin selection would not be favored.3. Classical fitness- what you gain from your own offspring and having them survive4. Inclusive fitness- any additional fitness that comes to providing aid to a relative. This is quite fuzzy, because cost and benefit of both is not relatively stable and can vary over time. b. Reproductive Skew- happens in a group when members in a group actually differ in theirreproductive potential. Many models in ways you get an uneven amount of reproductiveactivity with in a social groupi. Concession Model- a subordinate that wouldn’t be allowed to reproduce would be allowed, just not as muchii. Restraint Model- a subordinate may restrain from reproduction in order to stay in the groupc. Group Selection- interdemic selection, selection among demes. Demes are small populations of animals. New, improved gene selection for reproduction. i. If a particular gene helps the whole group survive, and that group persists in compare to the group that does not have the particular gene. ii. This can count as a case of altruism in natured. Social Contract Model for Cooperationi. Reciprocal Altruism-some sort of aid given, with the idea that aid will be given in return. Hard to study, because you aren’t certain when exactly there will be a return.1. Must be enforced in order for it to really work2. This is one argument to why scial animals may have a higher cognitive ability because ein order to do Reciprocal Altruism you must rember who is whoe. Delayed competition. Selfish teamworki. Ex. Unrelated queen antsii. You have unrelated animals but they work together to build a nest which is easier in terms of young foragers and cause a higher survival rate than if tried bythemselves.f. Stolen Aid Coercioni. Dominance, parental manipulationg. Extreme Cooperation- eusociality, social line goes on and on.i. Queen reproduces, but there are actual castes who are sterile. These insects whom are eusocial, live in parent/offspring social groups.1. Cooperate in care of young, overlapping generations2. Queen reproduces, workers are sterile3. Primitively Eusocial: Workers are not highly reproductive and can change or cross over to being reproductive4. Highly Eusocial- the behavior is permanent 5. Pre-adaptations for extreme cooperation6. Nesting and parental Care with extended parent-offspring interactionii. Sex Determination and Relatedness1. Diplodiploid sex determination-both females and males are diploid. Relatedness is very easy to calculate as shown above.a. 1/2*1/2 == ¼ (p of full sibs getting the same gene from one parent)b. 1/4+ 1/4 = ½ (p of full sibs getting the same gene from both parents)2. Haplodiploid sex determination-Females are diploid and males are haploid. Males come from unfertilized egg. This scenario makes the parent/offspring relatedness a little more complicated.a. ¼ F + ½ M=3/4 (genes from haploid father are identical)b. Your dad only has one set to give you, because your genes from your dad will be the same in all the siblings.c. Sisters are more related to each other than they are to mother or even to their own offspring! This sets up a peculiar kind or selectiond. Offspring from haploid fathers and diploid mothers will be related by 75%3. Predictions emerging from haploiddiploidy:a. Queen + workers raise other workersb. In order to continue scheme and have similar females, queen mates should only mate with one malec. Males should not work, they are not that related to the colonyd. Should be conflict between