Bz 300 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Mental Time TravelII. ChronesthesiaIII. Memory a. Semanticb. Procedural Memoryc. Episodic MemoryIV. Time Place LearningV. Caching and Thievinga. Cachingb. ThievingVI. Cognitive MappingVII. Problem Solvinga. CountingVIII. IntelligenceIX. VengeanceX. Personality and Behavioral SyndromesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Personalityb. Behavioral Syndromesc. Existence of Personality Typesd. Social Restraint can have a negative effectOutline of Current LectureI. Animal Emotionsa. Example of Perceiving Guilt with Owners and DogsII. Communicationa. Signalb. Noisec. Autocommunicationd. Information Contente. Public InformationIII. Evolution Of Communicationa. Co-optionb. Ritualizationc. Stereotypyd. RedundancyIV. Modes of Communicationa. Chemical Signalsi. Advantagesii. Disadvantagesiii. Pheromones1. Volatile2. Persistentb. Tactile SignalsCurrent Lecture: Finish up CognitionI. Animal Emotions- your emotional state is what separates the concept of self from your body. Your emotional life is important when considering theory of life. a. Do animals have emotional lives? Very tricky to measure without making it similar to anthropomorphism.i. Ex. Many people believe dogs have quilt. An experiment set up where the owners leave dogs in the room, and one group of dogs get a sinful treat and the other half of dogs do not get a treat. Half of the owners are told that the dog got the sinful treat (half of these owners were lied to, because no treat was given). The other half of owners were told that the dog did not receive a treat (half of these owners were lied to, because the dog did get the treat). 1. Four different conditions:a. Owners thought dog got sinful treat and did. b. Owners thought dog got sinful treat, but didn’t.c. Owners were told the dog did not get the sinful treat, but actually did.d. Owners were told the dog did not get the sinful treat, and the dog actually did not.2. If guilt is true we should expect guilt to be seen in the dogs that actually received the sinful treat. 3. If guilt is only in the eye of the beholder, than the dogs would seem guilty even when theowner told it was bad and it was actually good. 4. The important take home message is that whenever the owners were told the dog did something bad, the owner believed that the dog saw guilt in the dog no matter what if the dog did something good or bad. What the dogs actually did made no difference to the assessment ofguilt. As a result of this experience, the dog does not have guilt. 5. Guilt is about we lay on the dog in our perception and has nothing to do with the behavior. People see guilt only when they know dogs have done something wrong, even if they hadn’t. 6. Powerful evidence that when people see guilt in dogs, they are projecting their own perception on the dog.b. Very unscientific to contribute human characteristics to animals. Tests like these are veryimportant for us beginning to be able to figure out the tie between animals and emotions. Goodreminder as to what real experiences tell verse our own perceptions. ***Transition from Cognition to Communication. New Topic!II. Communication: the transmission of signals from a sender to a receiver. a. Signal is something an animal produces that has evolved to carry a very specific messagefrom the sender to another animal. i. This is evolved specifically for communication.ii. Much adaptive significance and used over a huge range of animal behavior: foraging, mating, honesty, etc.iii. Honesty tends more often to happen when the sender and receiver have a common interest. The evolution of dishonesty could arise where there is a confliction of interest betweensender and receiver.iv. Can be continuous and intermittent. Continuous signal is like bird feathers, but intermittent signals will only be there from time to time, like a bird singing. b. Noise is any interference with the signal. Not always auditory, can be visual. c. Autocommunication- animals communicating with themselves. Ex. Echocommunication in bats. d. Information content: We can decipher the information content of the signal by looking at the behavior of the target animals. e. Public information is available to more animals than just the recipient, eavesdropping. Can be quite detrimental. Eavesdropping- ex. female cowbirds respond positively to male cowbirds who have already mated with other female cowbirds.III. Evolution of communication: We think it did not began at communication at all but within the cells. The minute one cell is alive, it is a very related to have a receptors. Receptors could have been preadaptations for communication. Once you have receptors, if natural selection favors receptors and can differentiate the meanings, then it is the beginning of signaling. Chemorecption may have been the beginning of communication. *Note: Look at chapter 2.a. Co-option- evolution adoption of trait for a different use.b. Ritualization- the association of a meaning with a signal through evolution. If something is ritualized, then there is a high probability that it is stereotypy. c. Stereotypy: Evolutionary reduction of variation in signal. Can be an important component of ritualized behavior in communication.*Must take word and take it out of chapter 4, we are using it very differently now in communication.d. Redundancy- use of multiple signals with same meaning. Can be either learned or through genetics. Much more often through genetics. IV. Modes of Communication: What senses are involved in different modes. Different environments or purpose of animals will favor different modes of communication. Context of signal and the equipment the animal brings to it, will favor some modes over others.a. RE Sensory modesb. Different environments, different messagesc. Umwelt is quite important. What the animal can perceive and translate is quite important for communication. Anything that an animal can perceive, has the potential to evolveas a signal. d. Chemical Signals (smell and test) are a mode of communication. i. Very likely could be the first form to evolveii. Advantages: 1. Works very well in dark, do not have to see anything to taste or smell2. Does not become impeded by obstacles3. Oftentimes cheap to produce chemical signals. Inexpensive 4. Very specific, therefore noise is not problematic5. The signal can