BZ 300 1st Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture I. In Class Group Activity discussing Tinbergen’s Questions on Behavior.Outline of Current LectureI. Self Defensea. Avoiding detectioni. Crypsis1. Hiding2. Camouflagea. Countershadingb. Background Matchingc. Brokenness and Disruptive Colorationd. Changing Color to Match Backgrounde. Startle Behaviorf. Aposematismg. Vigilance and Alarm3. Mimicrya. Batesian Mimicryb. Muellarian Mimicryc. Mimic Uninteresting Objectsd. Thanatosis 4. Male Attraction Vs. Crypsisb. Evading Capturei. Fleeingii. Zig-Zag Runningiii. Stottingc. Fighting Backi. Mobbingii. Chemical Deterrenced. Pathogen Avoidance/ Sickness Behaviori. Holler Monkeysii. Change Habitatiii. Selfish Herd/Dilution iv. Xenophobiav. Sexual Selectionvi. Reduced Anti-Predator Behaviorvii. Sickness BehaviorThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.viii. Behavioral FeverCurrent Lecture*Note: Dr. Moore will not cover foraging in class, but the chapter should be read on your own and will beon the test.I. Self Defense is essentially how animals avoid becoming a predator’s next meal. Behavior influences success of any sort of camouflage. Three key elements:a. Avoiding detection- nobody knows you are there in the first placei. Crypsis- behavior, color or shape that makes an animal very difficult to be seen. Even predators can be cryptic. 1. Hiding is costly, because animals have a lot of other things in order to take care of themselves and cannot hide 24/7. Animals that need to avoid visual predators will be more active at night and even more active when there is not a full moon.2. Camouflage- behavior influences success of any sort of camouflage and uses color/shape to hide. Cannot see the animal very well. Camouflage is derived from the military, specifically after World War I when hiding inthe trenches. Before World War 1, people were using animals the same way humans were, through communication. Types of camouflage:a. Countershading- gradation of color from darker dorsum to light underside, blends in and makes animal less conspicuous. Dark dorsum can heat animal up and result in hindrance if it is too hot or if it is too cold, it can actually help the animal.b. Background matching- match normal substrate of the environment and backdrop. Animals are by nature cryptic. Their original color matches the background of where they live. c. Brokenness and disruptive coloration breaks from the outline of the landscape. Works best when outline of animal is not as clearand broken up with landscape.d. Changing color to match background- can be seasonali. Particularly in octopuses or cephalopods. Use chromatophores when cell expands the color is rushed in, when contracts it can contain the cells with another specific color. By using chromatophores octopuses can:1. Can match background with their color and change to a specific background.2. Can also do mimicry, which essentially mimics another animal. This is important when landscape is bland and not colorful.3. Mimicry is difficult to test, hard to test effectiveness of mimicry and predator avoidance. We are not exactly sure how to do a proper test for mimicry. e. Startle behavior- blend in to background and once noticed make a particular movement that will frighten or confuse predatorf. Aposematism- use of warning colors. Are noticed but are noticed in a way that deters predators, i.e., bright, poisonous colors. g. Vigilance and alarm- vigilance is awareness, alarm signals help to make the predator noticed and make them flee.3. Mimicry- one species evolves to look/smell/sound (etc) like another animal. You can see the object/ animal, but you do not know what is. All of mimicry involves being mistaken for something else. Overlaps with camouflage. Models of mimicry are not as clear cut as we would hope. Many types of mimicry:a. Batesian Mimicry- a benign food item looks and behaves like a distasteful one. Model needs to be abundant and effective in order to work.b. Muellarian Mimicry- 2 unpalatable species converge on the same species and mimic each other. Both species benefit in the sense that the predator avoids both of the species. Animals mayalso imitate dangerous things.c. In order to avoid attention by predators, animals may mimic uninteresting things or disguise one body part to look like another.d. Thanatosis- animals mimic their dead selves and play dead. Oftentimes animals that do not move and look dead, predators will not mess with them.4. Male attraction vs. crypsis- invisibility in a male does not select for in evolution, because the male must attract mates. Females often are cryptic, whereas the male is attractive.b. Evading capture- if you are detected and hiding doesn’t work, you must EVADE!i. Fleeing- running away. 1. Octopus running away quite fast and leaves a blob of ink to mimic it former self while it swims quickly away with jet propulsion and turns paleii. Zig-Zag running- mainly occurs on land, to essentially confuse predatoriii. Stotting- jumping up and down repeatedly to convey to the predator that they have a lot of energy and it is not worth their energy budget.1. A stotting gazelle is much more likely than a regular gazelle to not get caught by a cheetah.c. Fighting back- last resort, if you do get caught, you better fight like HELL. Predator deterrence and fighting back.i. Spines, armor, teeth. ii. Mobbing- generally occurs in birds. Two or more birds attack a larger bird to drive the predator away. iii. Chemical deterrence- can happen before, during or after an attack.1. The most significant example is a skunk (Mephitis), the simple pattern ofa skunk is enough for animals to deter predators2. Bonbardier beetles- Look in book.d. Pathogen Avoidance/Sickness Behavior- behavior is the first line of defense against pathogens and NOT the immune system. If you are a wild animal, it is extremely costly toget pathogens. It is best to simply avoid.i. Holler Monkeys will slap themselves over 15,000 times during a twelve-hour period to slap flies away. Will use a huge amount of energy, but it is worth it in order to avoid parasites.ii. Change habitatiii. Selfish herd/dilution- more protective from predators and biting flies, are less likely to get bitteniv. Xenophebia- fear of foreigners may have evolved as a way to preserve the health of animals.v. Sexual selection- absence of parasites reflects the health of