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CSU BZ 300 - Conservation and Behavior Continued
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Bz 300 1st editionLecture 26Outline of Last Lecture I. Last of Comparative Social Behaviora. Eusocial Non-Insect Invertebratesb. Eusocial Shrimpc. Thrips and Aphidsd. Colonial Aphidse. Termitesf. Antsg. Waspsi. Primitively Eusocial Paper Waspsii. Highly Eusocial Yellow jackets and hornetsh. Beesi. Bumblebeesii. HoneybeesII. Conservation and Behaviora. California Condorb. Subdivided into 5 topicsi. Species Protection in Natural Areas1. Limited population size in rapid decline, implies risk2. US FWS3. Focus on Charismatic Species4. Many Endangered Species on reservesii. Extinctions and Behavior1. Predator/Prey BehaviorOutline of Current Lecture:I. Conservation and Behavior ContinuedII. Extinctions and Behaviora. Extinctions due to hunting and fishingi. Carolina Parakeetii. Passenger Pigeon hunted for meatiii. Brown tree snakes in Guamiv. Commonalities of Successful InvadersIII. Reserved Designa. Four Issuesb. Three potential Behavioral Effects of Bottleneck Populationsc. Metapopulationd. TranslocationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.e. Fragmentation and Edge Effectsi. Ecotonesii. Minimum Viable Populationf. Human Wildlife Interactions on Reservesg. Human-Wildlife interactions: Trails and GreenwaysIV. Captive Breeding Programs and Introductionsa. Scimitar-Horned Oryxb. Przewalski’s Horsec. Black Footed ferretd. Golden Lion Tamarine. California Condorf. Peregrine falconsg. Behavioral Aspects of Reintroductionsh. Human-Wildlife interfaceCurrent Lecture:I. Conservation and BehaviorII. Extinctions and Behaviora. Extinctions due to hunting and fishingi. Carolina parakeet 1. Used to be numbered in millions extinct by early 1900s- hunted for feathersii. Passenger pigeon hunted for meat1. Most abundant North American Bird prior to Europeans2. Yielded the question: In highly social species, is there a tipping point in where numbers decline, due to their social needs? It is not just about how many individuals are left on the plantiii. Brown Tree snake in Guam1. Eats birds and birds in Guam have not evolved defenses to snakes because it was a small island2. 10 of 12 birds are now extinct due to the Brown Tree snakeiv. Commonalities of successful invaders1. Easily dispersed. Dispersal behavior=lack of neophobia2. Adapt easily to novel environmentIII. Reserve Design a. Four issuesi. Population genetics- 1. Genetic diversity itself is the basis for evolution2. If a population is reduced to near extinction, it will create a genetic bottleneckii. Fragmentation and edge effectsiii. Special habitat requirementsiv. Human Wildlife interactionsb. Three potential behavioral effects from genetic bottleneck:i. Cannot express behavioral adaptations to changeii. Disruption of mating system, due to lack of matesiii. Maladaptive behavior to inbreedingc. In captive populations, they can manage mates and do the best they can to preserve genetic diversityd. Managers can conduct a population viability analysisi. Determines likelihood of persistence of populationii. Given age structureiii. R-mating structureiv. Spatial distributione. Metapopulations- lots of subpopulations that are linkedi. Gene exchange across and between populationsii. If a subpopulation goes extinct, there is a possibility of introductionf. Translocation- create another subpopulation through reintroductioni. Costly, usually ineffective and lethalii. Animals often die in transportation, attempt to return where they came from, orfrom unforeseeable factorsg. Fragmentation and edge effects in reservesi. Ecotones- natural edges. Some species love edges, and some do not do well.1. When you create edges you do not change the species number, but the species composition2. Humans create ecotones3. Species react differently, the community always changes4. Many small parcels create more ecotones, than one large oneii. Will the habitat support a Minimum viable population?1. The number of animals required to maintaining genetic diversity and avoiding inbreedingh. Human-wildlife interactions on reservesi. Reserved depend on taxpayers and visitorsii. Must make them visitor friendlyiii. Ecotourism1. Impacts included pollution, disrupt2. Restrictions are quite unpopular with ATVs, mountain biking and off roadvehicles3. Multiple uses= hunting, recreation, fishing, logging, miningiv. Goal is to try to attract the people who will pay, while minimizing their effects as much as possiblei. Human-wildlife interactions-trails and greenwaysi. Creeks: people want to walk/bike there,1. These paths create more edges and ecotones2. Good conservation policy: build trails away from creeks and the riparian area. The problem is people do not like it one bit3. *Note: See Bringing animal behavior home on p.451ii. Compare trails with and w/o dogs (leashed)1. Trail w/o dog- the impact of mule dear, chipmunks, rabbits mice to behave normally is up to 50 meters2. A trail with a dog creates an impact of up to 100 meters, until animals behave normally again3. Social trails, trails that are made by people, make this even worse! Thereis no escape for the animals and it creates many ecotones in which the animals avoid.iii. Ecotourism is generally not very eco at all1. Most damaging are snorkels (reefs), whale watchers, adventure activities2. Flight initiation distance (FID)a. A way to look at humans effect on animalsb. FID is variable. Depends on the nature of the disturbance, context of season, etc… IV. Captive Breeding Programs and Reintroductions (Noah’s Idea)a. Mortality is very high, it is hard for them to adjust b. Scimitar-Horned Oryxi. Bred in captivity, habitat was destroyed in N Africaii. Feeding Ungulates is not too much of a problem in captivityiii. Harem mating system is a problemiv. Used artificial inseminationc. Przewalski’s Horsei. Nearest relative of domestic horseii. Need space, and that is very difficult to giveiii. Breeding is harem systemd. Black Footed ferreti. Prairie dog specialistii. Believed to be extinct until 1981iii. Captive breeding, reintroducediv. Need predatory and anti-predatory strategiese. Golden Lion Tamarini. Atlantic rainforest of Brazilii. Young Tamarins released, do better than older tamarins releaseiii. Prelease training of young animals are more successfuliv. One of the best known breeding/ release programsf. California Condori. Use puppets to feed them, so they will imprint on the look and minimize human contactg.


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