Bz 300 1st Edition Lecture 16Outline of Last Lecture I. Self Defensea. Avoiding detectioni. Crypsis1. Hiding2. Camouflagea. Countershadingb. Background Matchingc. Brokenness and Disruptive Colorationd. Changing Color to Match Backgrounde. Startle Behaviorf. Aposematismg. Vigilance and Alarm3. Mimicrya. Batesian Mimicryb. Muellarian Mimicryc. Mimic Uninteresting Objectsd. Thanatosis 4. Male Attraction Vs. Crypsisb. Evading Capturei. Fleeingii. Zig-Zag Runningiii. Stottingc. Fighting Backi. Mobbingii. Chemical Deterrenced. Pathogen Avoidance/ Sickness Behaviori. Holler Monkeysii. Change Habitatiii. Selfish Herd/Dilution iv. Xenophobiav. Sexual Selectionvi. Reduced Anti-Predator Behaviorvii. Sickness Behaviorviii. Behavioral FeverOutline of Current LectureI. Parasites and PathogensThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Parasite Challenges:i. Getting to the host1. IH Getting Eaten By Final Host2. Parasite Can Modify Behavior of Vector3. Direct Transmission ii. Using the Host to Best Advantage1. Reallocationa. Parasitic Castrationb. Mock ovipositionc. Mock Parental Cared. Inter-sex development2. Increases parasite longevity/survivalb. Host Challengesi. Avoiding Parasites1. Ants alter Foraging2. Avoid Ectoparasites3. Defensive Movements4. Avoiding Parasite Propagulesii. Overcoming Parasites1. Behavioral Fever2. Behavioral Chills3. Groomingiii. Humans and Parasitesiv. Bigger Evolution PictureCurrent Lecture*Note: Approximately 12 minutes before class, Dr. Moore decided to completely change game plan for class today! She decided to deviate and summarize some aspects of foraging and many aspects of animalbehavior. She will discuss how parasites and pathogens affect behavior in animals, particularly what Dr. Moore personally has studied.I. Parasites and Pathogensa. The Great Cycle of Nature: Sunlight, vegetation, herbivores, carnivores, scavengers… Very few people do not take into account parasites.b. Parasites are an instrumental part of animal behavior. c. Parasite Challenges:i. Getting to the Host- how parasites alter IH (intermediate host) prey behavior. Use behavior to get into the next host. If behavior of infected animal changes, than that proportion of animals goes up. This is done through many types of transmission sequences.1. One option is through the IH ultimately getting eaten by the final host, many different mechanisms are used and can change the IH by:a. Reducing staminab. Increases Conspicuousness- change appearance or behaviorc. Disorients IH- especially true when parasites get into braind. Alter Responses to IH environmental stimuli- change neural transmitters and taxis, not necessarily sick i.e., animals that would normally go to the light, go to the dark.i. Example: pill bugs when effected completely change neural transmitters and make could make pill bug much more conspicuous to birds. Infected pill bugs are much more likely to be fed than unaffected pill bugs, by its behavior the infected pill bug becomes much more conspicuous and noticeable towards bird. 2. Parasite can modify behavior of vectors, different parasites and blood-feeding organisms have different mechanisms involved. 3. Direct transmission, no intermediate host involvedii. Using the host to best advantage1. Reallocation: Can cause the host to reallocate source resources, move it away from thing that benefit the host and enhance the parasite. a. Parasitic Castrationb. Mock oviposition- nematodes, when infected behaves normally but is constantly laying infected nematodes.c. Mock Parental Cared. Inter-sex developmente. Is reduced fecundity merely a manifestation of pathology? Tapeworm in beetles produces aa specific molecule that inhibits yolk production. Dr. Moore would argue that these behaviors are not simply pathology, because the results of two behaviors together are subject to evolution. f. Increases parasite longevity/survival:i. Does not happen in IH, because the goal for the IH is to get eaten. When the parasite is in the animal and laying eggs, maturing and doing its business its goal is to keep the animal alive as long as possible. ii. Caterpillars- would crawl up high, committing suicide? No parasitoid was manipulating behavior, to climb up the tree because being up higher would reduce the chances of getting infected by a hyper parasitoid.iii. Bumblebee- as the bumblebee is about to die, the parasite manipulates behavior of the bee to bury itself underground in order for the parasite to be able to hibernate and lengthen its own lifespan. d. Host Challenges: i. Avoiding parasites: Many behaviors are changed before hand in animals; kicking,wiping, water, habitat transition, etc. to avoid being in the vicinity of the parasitoid.1. Ants alter foraging: ants in a presence of parasitoid will change completely everything, where they forage, how they forage, what times2. Avoid ectoparasites- larger parasites, on the outside of animal. A lot more research here!a. Move awayb. Shift Awayc. Adjust postured. Join Groupe. Defensive movementsf. Camouflage- Zebras: good evidence that the flies have created the stripes through evolution in order to avoid flies.3. Defensive movementsa. Tool use in elephants- use of branches as fly swatterb. Activity levels, size, age influence defensive movementsc. Host defenses interrupt feeding (fecundity effects) and can be lethal, most dangerous time of blood feeding animals.4. Avoiding Parasite Propogules- Social behavior and Avoidancea. Xenophobia? Keeping other animals at a distance, in order to avoid taking in an infected animalb. Group care/ shunningc. Can parasites manipulate social interactionsd. Human demography/ social behavior absolutely influences emerging disease, require minimal population in order to continue to keep population increasing. Certain population size, where diseases can remain endemic and just continue growing. As people become more dense, opportunity for the same diseases to maintain and new diseases to emerge.e. Avoidance of defecation areas and only defecate in certain areasf. Avoid habitats containing parasitized co specifics (mosquitos).g. DO they avoid intermediate host?? Not very strong evidence.h. Mate Selection: Selecting a mate without parasites is an indicator of:i. Good genesii. Reduced Exposureii. Overcoming Parasites1. Behavioral Fever: 98% of animals cannot produce fever the way we do, because they are