BZ 300 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8 - 13This study guide covers the material of Chapters 5-8 that will be on the exam. Most of the information is taken from Lecture notes and the book. In addition to this study guide, read Chapter 5-8, read the assignedreadings she gave through Canvas, and compare this study guide to the lecture notes. *Note: Because Mrs. Moore did not give us any questions to refer to for studying, I used the study questions given in the book at the end of each chapter. These questions DO NOT cover everything in lecture. Use the lecture notes as well to cover all the information.Chapter 5: Learning1. Members of a bird species learn their songs (which vary among individuals) at an early age and do not change their songs later in life. How would you test to determine whether this species has a critical period for song learning? A critical period in a young animals life is oftentimes when animals learn the identity of their mother and father, this information is firmly fixed and is often used later in life to find mates, form flocks and other social interactions. Imprinting of parents is often done during this short , defined period of time. To determine if this species has a critical period for song learning, this means that if they do not learn the song at a specific point in their life than they would fail to learn it at all. You can devise a short experiment by having half of the birds learn the song at a natural age as a control and watch them their entire life span. On the other hand, you will make a group of the birds learn the song in adolescence and observe if they obtain the song the rest of their life. The last group you will force to learn until after maturity, and observe if they will be able to remember that specific song. If only the control group can sing the song its entire life, than it has a critical period for song learning. If all of the groups are able to learn the song, than there is no critical period. 2. Killer whales “play” with their sea lion food, much in the same manner that domestic cats “play” with small rodents or birds. Propose one or two reasonable hypotheses for the existence of this behavior, andbriefly describe how you would test your hypothesis or hypotheses. One possible hypothesis is that since killer whales eat their prey whole and do not tear it up, there is a very good possibility that the whales want to kill their prey completely before eating it. As similar to cats, the prey is a lot more agile and able to escape much more easily than the “slower” These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.predator, by playing with it beforehand and wearing the prey out, it ensures that the prey will not escape. The killer whales are not merely “playing” with their prey but are ensuring that they do not escape; this method is learned from their parents during their critical period and is a method used their entire life.3. What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning? How might both play roles in the life of an animal in a natural environment? Classical conditioning occurs when an animal associates a relevant stimulus with a stimulus that would be irrelevant if it were not for the original relevant stimulus, as in the food. The animal has no control over either of the stimuli. The animal does not do anything to cause anything to happen but eventually associates two unrelated stimuli. An example in a natural environment is a sound or motion that is eventually associated with feeding. Whereas on the other hand, operant conditioning is also called instrumental learning, where animals began to associate behavior due to the consequences of their own behavior. Operant is behavior that produces consequences, and the consequence is the reinforcing stimuli. The animal has control in the outcome and learns. An example in natural environment is either learning to navigate a new environment (maze), trial and error learning, and rewards.4. What is the role of forming specific aversion in shaping the diet of animals? Why is this type of learning an important mechanism? By forming specific aversion or taste aversion in shaping the diet of animals it allows animals to associate intestinal upset after eating or drinking certain items and to continuously avoid that item, even to the point of starvation. This is an important learning mechanism because if animals did not avoid the food which causes intestinal upset and continually eats it and vomits than the animal will lose both the energy from its specific meal, other food items and the ability to eat for a period of time. For animals tight on energy budgets this can be quite costly. Selection has therefore created a mechanism to quickly avoid foods for a long lasting period of time. 5. What is a critical period for learning? If a female of another species raises a male duck, what happens to his courtship behavior when he is an adult, why?Critical Period usually occurs at about 13-16 hours after an animal is born, the attachment response for imprinting to a mom or dad is the greatest here. Also, any thing that will be learned and used continuously for the remainder of their life is often times learned here and permanently fixed. If a female of another species raises a male duck than he will oftentimes attempt to court the species he wasraised by and not by his own species. This is because the duck has imprinted on the female of the other species when it was being raised, and associates all other behavior with the species it imprinted on.6. A squirrel buries nuts in a scattered pattern throughout its home range. It could either find the nuts byforaging (randomly digging or smelling them) or by learning and remembering the location of the cachednuts. How would you design an experiment to test between the hypotheses of reforaging and learning?Learning cache spots and returning to those spots requires episodic memory, that the memory islearned or associated with a specific experience in an animal’s life. Whereas reforaging is where an animal places food in its home range but does not learn where it put the cache, but instead searches it out. A common experiment to determine if learning is involved in cache retrieval is to allow an animal to cache food in an observation area. A second animal has not hid the food but is allowed to search the