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CSU BZ 300 - Comparative Social Behavior and Conservation and Behavior
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BZ 300 1st Edition Lecture 25 Outline of Last Lecture I. Social Behaviora. Spotted Hyenasb. Lionsc. Chimpanzeesd. Eusocial Mammalse. Invertebrate Eusociality: Workersf. Workers: Size, shape and sociality i. How can we fiddle with growth and size to increase specialization?1. Isometric Growth2. Allometric Growthii. Why do different sizes do different jobs?g. Invertebrate Eusociality: Reproductioni. Primitively Eusocialii. Highly Eusocialh. Reproduction Successioni. Invertebrate Eusociality- Colony defenseOutline of Current Lecture:I. Last of Comparative Social Behaviora. Eusocial Non-Insect Invertebratesb. Eusocial Shrimpc. Thrips and Aphidsd. Colonial Aphidse. Termitesf. Antsg. Waspsi. Primitively Eusocial Paper Waspsii. Highly Eusocial Yellow jackets and hornetsh. Beesi. Bumblebeesii. HoneybeesII. Conservation and Behaviora. California Condorb. Subdivided into 5 topicsi. Species Protection in Natural Areasii. Limited population size in rapid decline, implies riskiii. US FWSiv. Focus on Charismatic Speciesv. Many Endangered Species on reservesvi. Extinctions and Behavior1. Predator/Prey BehaviorCurrent Lecture:I. Last of Comparative Social Behaviora. Eusocial Non-insect invertebratesi. Have similar characteristics of other eusocial animalsii. Family living, possession of nest, ecological pressureb. Eusocial Shrimpi. Snapping shrimp, has one very big claw that can be caught open and slams shut. Can startle and harm approaching animal. Up to 300 of these in a colony, but only one reproductive pair. All others work in someway, including a clear caste differentiation among soldiers. Lives in canals of sponges of reefs. ii. Live in groups, in nest, share defensec. Thrips and aphidsi. Crespi- predicted eusociality in presence of haplo-diploidy and family groups in shelter- inbreedingii. Thrips discovered by Crespi: live in galls and are halpodiploidy, macropterus-big wings and micropterus- little wings. 1. Also live in gall, two preadaptations to eusociality2. Gall begins with one large female and she has one male andone female. 3. Some offspring both have large wings, mate and move on to new galls- macropterus. Highly inbred, everyone is ridiculously related. Reduces asymmetry of relationship found in haploid/diploid animals. A highly inbred line winds up with the functional equivalent of a bunch of cloned animals. 4. Some have small wings and they stay and protect the gall-micropterusiii. Colonial Aphids- inhabit galls1. Highly inbred2. Diploid/diploidiv. Termites- another feature to preadapt animals for eusociality.1. Eat wood- must have anal-oral trophallaxis a habit to eat each other’s poop. This is used because in order to digest wood, need symbionce in your gut in order to eat your wood. Must live in some kind of societya. Sidenote- one species of cockroaches that eat wood and engage in anal-oral trophallaxis2. Symbiance are reacquired at each molt. Arthropods are lined with a cuticle, you molt the lining of your hind-gut every time you molt and you lose your symbiance.3. Build elaborate nestsa. Protect from predators b. Also help ventilate and is temperature controlledc. If damaged termites are motivated to repair it it, because they are detrimental towards society.d. Local Repair is called stigmergy- adding on to the preexisting pattern.4. Largest female offsprings are major workers, and largest male offsprings are called soldiers. 5. After mating flight the king and queen shed their wings andlive in the nest.6. All stages of lifecycle do some kind of work during their growth7. Synchronized production- orgy of termite sex. Why?a. So they are all born at the same timeb. Predator swamping- more termites than any predator could possibly ever eat at one time.v. Ants1. Highly diverse, can be carnivorous or herbivorous. Range greatly in size.2. Two patterns of nest founding in ants:a. Less advanced. Queen mates and must forage herself to feed the first set of workers. Very risky.b. Others: Use metabolic resourcesi. Claustral- queens reserves live solely on reserves until workers can begin and work. Do not go out and forage.ii. Semiclaustral- goes out and mate occasionally, because they cannot make it ontheir own reserves for the entire period.vi. Wasps1. Primitively Eusocial paper waspsa. Build their own nest by chewing up paper and cementingb. Not covered in sheet, one layer of cellsc. Dominance of queen, reinforced by aggression/ Queen must keep workers in working not reproductive status2. Highly eusocial yellowjackets and hornetsa. Works in nest, covered by a stack and is covered in a sheet. b. Not a lot is understoodc. Kin selection cooperation as most are relatedvii. Bees1. Most bees are solitary2. Bumblebeesa. Queens overwinter, then establish new nest- annual cycleb. Use dominance to maintain status, lays egg and workers help to feed youngc. In fall, makes a new batch and these are very well fed3. Honeybeesa. Highly eusocial and have a perennial cycleb. Nectar, pollen and wax combsc. Queen is very specialized, does not have hairs. All she does is lay eggs and manufactures pheromones that prevent other workers from laying eggs. d. If she dies, workers will lay replacement queens, in haploid diploid genes.e. Worker larvae get a diet rich in carbohydratesf. Queen larvae get a diet rich in proteins, lipids and a royal jelly (created from the brain in the workers heads and prevents the ability of hair, etc.)g. Hallmarks of high degree of eusociality:i. Very strong differentiation between workers and queensii. Queen dominates by chemical pheromonesII. Conservation and Behavior: involves all aspects of animal behavior. a. California Candori. Carrion eaters, 10 ft wingspanii. Adult 6-8yrs, raise 1-2 chicks every two yearsiii. By 1980, there were 27 birds. Often thought to have developed lead poisoning from eating the skulls and less skulls left.iv. Eat Microtrash (foraging behavior)- small, itty pieces of trash thatdon’t seem like a lot. In condor land, babies are fed this (condors think its bone?)v. This demonstrates the importance of animal behavior in animal conservation. A case of foraging behavior (which evolved before microtrash was ever around), that could not keep up with evolutionary tendencies. vi. *Note: read about Po’ouli honeycreeper p. 400b. Subdivided into 5 topics:i. Species protection in natural areas1. Limited population size in rapid decline implies riska. Endemics- populations found in restricted areas. Islands are particularly vulnerableb.


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CSU BZ 300 - Comparative Social Behavior and Conservation and Behavior

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