GHIST 101 1st Edition Lecture 27Outline of Last Lecture I. Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription Outline of Current Lecture II. Regulation of Gene TranscriptionA. Definition of regulon III. AlternativeMethodsofGene RegulationattheTranscriptionalLevel(QuorumSensingand theTwo-ComponentSystem)IV. MethodsofGeneRegulation at theTranslationalLevelV. IntroductiontoMutationsCurrent LectureFrom Clan to King- Sixteen large clans o Agricultural societieso Different political styles- Four kingdoms after decades of wars - Mahapadama Nanda and his Unification o Nanda Dynastyo Kingdom fell quickly after his death Nanda failed to establish an instution that could last even after the death of a strong leader  He may have conquered parts of north India but did not establish direct ruling o Invasion of Alexander the Great His invasion was short lived because all of his solider were fighting in the unknown home  Impact - The Indian people had a vague memory of Alexander the Great because he was one of many rulers who overcame India - After India was ruled by Islamic ruler, those muslims had great memories of Alexander because he had great accomplishments These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Other rulers named themselves Alexander the Great to signify his great impact o Maurya Empire – Peacock Conquest of Chandragupta Maurya - Unified north india by 300 BC - Impressive Capital: Pataliputrao This city was twice the size of Rome in the same time period o The largest city we have seen in the ancient world - Arthashastra, 300 BC o Written by the prime minister of the King Maurya o This book is a political theory and expressed the vision of the author reflecting the true descriptions of the empireo Author believed the power of the state is calculated by the economic sources  Encouraged trade o Importance of economy o Royal administration  Described relations of functions of officials from top to bottom  Author was very truthful – poison enemies / how toincrease income / magical spells to make animals and enemies invisible - Maurya established fascinating empire and maintained some kind of rule of north India - Legends o Maurya was highly praised by Indians  Buddhists claimed he was a descendant of Buddhistclan  Everyone tried to associate themselves with Maurya  Maurya Empire - Became famous by their third ruler – Emperor Ashoka the Great - “The greatest emperor India ever had”o He became commander and conquered all rebels in Indiao He mentioned that 150,000 were captured by his own army and he killed over 100,000 soldiers and he was very sad to see this many people died o Life changing event that turned him to Buddhism o He changed his idea and wanted to become a non-violent ruler of Indiao Wanted to his is moral values to rule his empire - Conversation into Buddhism o Wanted to spread Buddhism to nearby places - Pilgrimage and missionary activity o Pillars became a very important document to study societyo Pillar of Ashoka - Ashokan Edicts o Imperial missions to the west o Social visions- Declination o Factors o Bactrian Greeks Small kingdoms in northern India- Greeks settled down in Central Asia and those Greeks become ruler of northern Indian people - The most famous was King Menander because we found his Greek Coins with inscriptions used in India  Buddhist King Menander - Greatest of the indo-greek rulers- Had very strong interest in Buddhism  Greco-Buddhist Culture - Coinage - Very mature institution of coinage - Well designed and became patent that all the later rulers tried to learn  Interconnectedness - Trade with Rome- Relation with Chinao Kushan Empire  Expansion in the second century  King Kanishka - Control of Trade Routes - Major sponsor for Buddhism o Buddhism worked well with empire o Kanishka became important supporter of Buddhism o Kanishka Stupa  Place you put the bones of a Buddhist believer Became holy site visited regularly by Buddhist believers o Buddhism empowered themselves o The Gupta Empire Classical period of India - Revival of Hinduism - Buddhism was no longer practiced King Chandragupta I- King of Kings  King Samudragupta - Great conqueror - Long list of rulers subdued by him o Southern India and frontier tribes King Chandragupta II - Alliance and Expansion - Patron of art and culture  Political organized- Government centralized but not very stable - Local administration o Decentralization  Faxians description- Source used to study gupta empire  Foundation of medieval India - Economic prosperity o Feudal system becayse of local decentralized sighting- Feudal system - Religions- Classical culture and mathematicso Indian numbers most important aspect of Gupta empire o Because the way of our mathematic writings o Post Gupta Era North India was divided again Harsha- Unified many small kingdoms - Buddhist ruler o Accounts of Xuanzang o Xuanzang said this empire was powerful and rich but therewas many rebellions in this age - Rise of south o International trade o Bhakti Movement  Bhagavad Gita  Devotional Hinduism  Last for over 1,000 years The movement is a devotional form of Hinduism - 6th century origin from the south- personal love of gods- temple-centered