Ghist 101 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide GHIST Final Exam Review - 16 o Confucianism Most important philosophical school in East Asia - Philosophy or religion?o Normally we believe philosophy but it can be both  Confucius (c. 551-479 bc) - Minor official background - Well educated  Historical Context - East Zhou Dynasty  Confucius - Traveled widely for fourteen years o Learned archery and horse rider o Life in spring and autumn period in Zhou Dynasty - Fame as teacher o Reportedly 2,000 students o 22 mentioned in the Analects o The Analects  Thin book - NOT written by Confucius (written by his disciples) Lun Yu- “arranged discourses” Nature of the book- Authors- Contents Organization: 20 chapters o Core Concepts  Dao- “way road”- Total normative sociopolitical order - Meaning is the way (you can follow in order to bring back social order)- Inner moral life of the living individual  Belief in lost golden ages - “three dynasties” Li- “behavior” - Means ritual/behavior - 5 relationso Father to son, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, ruler to subject, friend to friend (equal)- Loyal and filial piety Ren – “humanity, love” - Need to use love to make people follow rituals  Ways to achieve Ren- “Zhong” – “loyalty” o Desiring to take his stand, one who is good helps others to take their stand- “Shu” – “reciprocity” o What you do not want done to yourself do not do to others” – golden rule Confucius names as teacher - Sages of sages, most holy prior teacher o Mencius (c. 371-289 bc) “Second Stage” Biography- Teacher - Traveled to advise rulers of different states - Work: Mencius - Traditional Account of his mother o “three moves of Mencius mother” Kept moving because she was worried- Righteousness vs profit/interest o Mencius replied “why must your majesty say profit?- Never think profit, value benevolence and righteousness.  A good society and good humans - Human nature o Confucius (good implications)o Mencius (good)o Xun Zi: Bad - Innate knowledge of the good and innate ability to do good.- 17 o Daoism: Laozi  Philosophy- Concentrating on individual life and tranquility - Severe critic of Confucianism  Legendary founder Laozi- Disputed authorship - Nonlinear structure- Natural forces and human interactions o Way (Dao) The way that can be walked is not the eternal way; the name that can be named is not the eternal name. The nameless is the beginning of Heaven and Earth. The named is the mother of all things.  Dao; “Road”, “method”, or “word”- “the way that can be spoken of is not the eternal way”o Non-action Wuwei- elimination of striving or distinctions- Natural action - Act without acting  The way does nothing yet nothing is left undone Act by through non-actions. Be active, but have no activities. o Zhuangzhi Zhuang Zhou- Virtually nothing known about him - Second master in Daoism  Zhuangzi- 33 chapters  Confucianism vs. Laozi- Rather than praising Tao and condemning lie, it would be better for you to forget both of them and shut up your tendency to praise. - 18 o Qin Unification  King Ying Zheng - Became king at a young age - Some argue not really father son - First emperor of china- Legalist Approach - China divided into 7 kingdoms  Major Conquest - China unified, first empire of china  Consolidation of the Empire - Followed legalism o These laws strengthened them, fighting machine o Great Wall of China  The Great wall of China- His empire was threatened by barbarians- Sent peasants to connect all walls to create - Great wall of china  Terra Cotta Army - 7,000 soldiers - People believed this was underground army of china  Tomb of Qin Shihuang - One square mile - 700,000 worker employed for years - Legends of the tomb- Looks like a mountain (not yet open)- No plan for excavation because it may be ruined  Han Empire - Founder: Liu Bang- First great empire of east asia, pax sinica o Often mentioned as counterpart of Roman Empire in China o Western and Eastern Han - Earliest daoist approach, wuwei - Emperor Wuo Most brilliant period o Often compared to Augustuso Economy was vibranto Made Confucianism into state teaching o Established imperial university Wars with Xiongnu- Emperor Wu’s military actions o A series of victorieso Issue of provision  Silk Road - Zhang Qian o Wanted to exploreo Capture by peopleo Still secretly escaped from, Xiongu o Opened silk road  Chinese products were transported by middle man to Rome Silk dominated commodities - 19o Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) Sima Qian (145-85 bc)  Covering more than 2,000 years of history  Five section- Basic annals, tables, monographs, hereditary families, arrayed traditions  Chose out of three punishments- Killed- Arrested and buy way out of jail - Choose to be castrated o Paper invention Invention of paper:1st report in 105 AD  Traditionally viewed as Cai Luns invention- One of the four great inventions o Other ones, gun powder, printing press, etc.  Chinese calligraphy- Basic componentso Use of brusho Structural combination o Layout - 20 o Tang Dynasty Establishment because the end of the Sui Dynasty Rebel Emperor Gauzo: Established Tang Dynasty - Most powerful dynasty in Chinese history- Capital: Chang’an Emperor Taizong - Second son of Gauzo - Often viewed as one of the best emperors- great contributions to the founding of the Tang- Xuanwu Gate Incident o Ambushed and killed his elder brother - His period of rule is named: ZHENGUAN Reign of Taiong (rule of ZHENGUAN)- He restored social order - He was intelligent, patient and frugal- Implemented economic policieso Agricultural development  Equal field system o Taxation- grain, textiles, and labor service  Zu, Yong, Diaoo State controlled handicraft productiono Tang Law Code - Went to war with the Turkso Tang Empire defeated the Turks o Hurt the byzantine Empire o Xuanzang’s travels He was a smart monk from the age of 12 He believed that the issue of transcript was translated- Because of this he wanted to go to indinia and bring back the Buddhist teachings  Took a journey to India- Left in 629 (secretely)- Spent over 10 years in china learning  Returned to China, 645 - Translated the Buddhist texts, and started a new branch of Buddhism  Wrote: Journey to the West -