Ghist 101 1st Edition Lecture 39 Outline of Last Lecture II. Carolingian Empirea. Charles the Greatb. Government structure c. Cultural Renaissanced. Decline III. Early Medieval societies a. Feudal societyb. Surfs c. Economic expansion IV. Medieval European Statesa. Germanyb. Italyc. Franced. Britain Outline of Current Lecture Current Lecture- St. Thomas Aquinas- European Renaissance o Build upo Declineo Italyo Humanism o Niccolo Machiavelli o Christian Humanism o Desiderius Erasmus o Printing Europe - St. Thomas Aquinas o Greatest theologian and philosopher o Lifeo Summa Theologica – book that answered all questions that they could think about in the century These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Faith and reason (Christian Doctrine + Greek Ideas) o Five divine qualities and five rational proofs- European Renaissance – 1350-1600o French for “Rebirth”o Used to describe art o Soon used for everyday aspects of life o Describes an attitude of recapturing and surpassing the classical past o Started in Italy, but diffused across Europe o Big changes towards middle and late renaissance (Religious) Western Christian broken up in many different divisions o Movements that helped create modern world- Build Up o Black Death starts in 1346 o Decreased population leads to increased opportunities  Killed a lot of peasants – gave peasants who survived more opportunity tomake more money - Growth of middle class - Gained a lot of political power o Increased money to church  Eventually causes church to splinter When church gets rich, have huge split called protestant reformationo Decline of Feudalism  Feudalism - Feudalism – system of relationships and belongings - Nobility help land for crown - Had vassal work land - Peasants are tied to land Black Death causes strong decline of feudalism  Nobility becomes less important - You have very educated people from middle class rise to positions of government o Renaissance Origins  Italian scholars – known as hummanists - Ideas start to influence everything – ideas spread very quickly - Start to become very interested in the individual o Most important aspect of renaissance o It’s not just about trying to get to heaven, people on earth have the ability to change things  Self-conscious awareness that they were living in a new era Create terms like Middle Ages and Dark Ages  Rise of middle class- A big basis for the Renaissance is economic growth through middle class  Education changes and printing speeds spread of ideaso Italy  Economic growth established foundation  Rich merchants become Patrons  Economics, politics, culture becomes interconnected Renaissance starts in Florence  Medici family very powerful  Italy still divided into city states  Strong dominate weak  Developed diplomatic tools Permanent embassies and alliances o Humanism  Writers/poets realize a new age is dawning Francisco Petrarch - Poet/humanist - Coined term dark ages- Sought to reconnect with the classical past - Very interested in remains of Roman Empire and Latin texts  Studia Humanitates - Liberal studies / arts - Humanists / humanism o Particular philosophy o Human nature are worthy of contemplationo Not only focusing on gods, but focusing on what humans are able to create - Human nature and achievements are worth of contemplation - Synthesize Christian / classical teachings  Humanism - Very interested in individual achievements - Virtu o The ability to shape the world according to their will - Studies provide skills for o Diplomats, lawyers, military leaders, businessman, politicians, writers, and artists - Education not just for religious purposes, but for the common good - Put ideas into practice o Opened schools and academieso Taught Greek, Latino Women  Some humanists wanted to educate women - Benefit in exposing women to reasoning  Others did not - Learning was improper for women  A few women did become educated - Tutors- Self study o Niccolo Machiavelli  Best known political theorists  Official in Florence  Outsed in a power struggle  The Prince- Ruler needs to preserve order and security - Brutality, manipulation, lying - Safer to be feared than loved, but don’t become hated o Christian Humanism  Northern Europeans come to Italy - Carry ideas home - Convinces that religion and humanism can be combined  Christian humanists - Hoped to reform the church - Deepen spiritual lives.  Desiderius Erasmus - Better knows by contemporaries - Formal monk – monks did not need to be educated - He believed that education is key o Moral and intellectual improvemento True Christianity is an inner attitude and not outward actionso Printing and its social impact  Moveable type invented in China  Independently developed in Germany - Johann Gutenberg- Between 1456-1500, 8-20 million books printedo More than in any previous millennia- Government and church o Print orders, declarations, propaganda o Try to censor books  Printer impact - People could read identical books- Books often read to people- Printers start translating works - Starts standardization of languages - Plays start getting performed in other languageso Men like Shakespeare become very