Ghist 101 1st Edition Lecture 29Outline of Last Lecture II. Bhakti MovementIII. Persecution of BuddhistsIV. HinduismV. Islama. Geographyb. Muhammadc. Women d. Gabriele. MeccaOutline of Current Lecture Doctrines of Islam The Qur’an Five Pillars of Islam Two Choices Military Conquests o Caliphates Abu Bakr Umayyad Dynastyo Religious Groups in Islam Shi’ites Sunniso Abbasid EmpireThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current Lecture- Doctrines of Islam • The Qur’anThe most sacred scripturesCollected from oral traditions after the Prophet’s death• Five Pillars of Islam“La ilahailla Allah, Muhammadurrasoolu Allah”Pray five times a day, in the direction of MeccaFasting and observance of dietary prohibitionsAlmsgiving toward the poorIf possible, at least make one trip to Mecca (hajj)• Two choices; no miracles• SignificancesSalvation ensuredReward provided for those who believed Muhammad’s wordsMoral and ethical codeRelations with Judaism and Christianity• Military Conquests Historical contexts• War between the Byzantine and Persia empires• Reactions of the Jews and ChristiansMissions: to spread Islam and establish Muslim governments• The Jihad (“To strive”)• To exert oneself to eradicate disbelief• Take up the Sword is the highest honorUnification of Arabia’s tribes• Raiding• New message• Ecological changes• CaliphatesSuccession crisis, 632 • New authority?• Abu Bakr vs. AliAbu Bakr, father-in-law of Muhammad (r. 632-634)• “Deputy of Allah’s Messenger,” caliphUmar (r. 634-644), founder of the Muslim Empire• Expansion• “Arab Islamic theocracy”• Arab tribes + Non-Muslim subjects (jizya, poll tax)Garrison townsLunar calendarUthman (r. 644-656)• Weak ruler• Nepotism and economic issuesAli (r. 656-661)• Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad• Assassinated in 661Umayyad Dynasty (661-750)• Military houses• Second stage of expansion• Damascus as the capital• Imperial institutions• Social divisions• Religious Groups in Islam Shi’ites• Only the lineal descendants of Muhammad could be caliphs• Important minority (10%)• Found in Persia and the Near EastSunnis• Supporters of the Umayyad Dynasty• Large majority (90%)• Found in the rest of the worldContinual rivalries• Abbasid Empire, 750-1258Descendants of Abbas, the uncle of MuhammadCapital: BaghdadAbolishment of Arab’s privileges• Empire wide recruitmentInternationalism and multiculturalism • Caravans• Travel and tradeSteady decline after the 9th century• Fiscal issues• Turkish slave soldiers• Independence of
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