Ghist 101 1st Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture I. Fall of the Republic II. Second Triumvirate a. Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus b. CleopatraIII. Octavian as Augustus IV. Roman Empirea. Pax Romana V. Golden Age of Empire Outline of Current Lecture II. Imperial Unification a. Monarchb. Centralized government c. Universal Participationd. Religion e. Roman Law i. Precedentii. Equityiii. Interpretationf. Society and Economyg. Gender and Familyi. Marriageii. Womenh. Internal Upheaval III. Restructuring of Empirea. Diocletian b. Constantine the Greatc. Christianity i. Edict of MilanThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Early Church organizationsCurrent Lecture- Imperial Unificationo Monarch: Constitutional or absolute? Absolute rulers- his or her worth was the most important worth- he or she “was the state” o Centralized government  Romans left city states and built centralized government  Governors sent from Italy  Local municipal - Origins of Latin cities o Universal participation Use of Latin and Greek- Latin spoken in West, Greek spoken in the east  50% of the Senators were non-Italians Citizenship granted to all freeman in 212- Roman emperor wanted to appeal to make him more popular, so he granted citizenship to every free man (every person became a roman citizen)o Bad side – every Roman citizen paid less tax but the pervious Roman citizen still had to pay taxes to support huge government - Anyone of all backgrounds could work for the government o Religion  Official Roman gods + native religionso Roman Law  Law- Central controls and local autonomy o Same law system can be shared with different people in different regions - Basic Principles o Precedent A previous decision made by a judge should be the guidance for later courts (fundamental nature for common law) o Equity Treat everyone equally before the law - A lot of people were treated by their classes/powero Interpretation  Have a set of laws, but the judge explained how to interpret the meaning of the law - Law for citizens and non-citizenso Citizens - equity only applied to citizens - Natural law: all humans possess certain rights and duties o Natural law informed by Stoicism o Society and Economy  Booming commerce and manufacturing - Trade within the empire and without - Shift in balance of trade- Greek account of India o Primary documents showing when travelers visited other countries o Realized India has a lot of agriculture  Agriculture - Large landowners and tenant farmers; villa o Land was concentrated on large landowners o Gender and Family  Women as property of the family- Father vs. husband  Marriage - Early marriage without girl’s consento Young girls marry at age 13 or 14 - View on remarriage, divorce, infanticideo Widows were expected to be remarried o Infanticide – common in Roman society Girls were abandoned on street because people preferred boys  Prostitutes were often the girls who were picked upfrom the trash o Legislation of prostitution- There were a lot of options for women to work - Lower level women worked in entertainment sector (prostitution)- Prostitution legal but looked down upon o Education Male vs. females- Not uncommon to see a middle class girl receiving education (science, philosophy,mathematics, become a tutor) – only romanwomen, not Greek women  Internal Upheaval- Unfortunate reign of Commoduso Failed assassination in 182 Damnation of memory – ask every Roman citizen toforget the existence of Commodus  No book or document could mention his time period of ruling o Corruption and inability o Beginning of the decline - Internal issues o Large estates employing unfree laboro Decline of cities o Civil warso The Barrack Emperors  Vanished imperial authority o Restructuring of the empire  Diocletian (r. 284-305)- Absolute ruler of the empire- Dividing the empire the East and the West o Tetrarchy (rule of four)  “price ceilings;” coinage; taxation because of his huge expenditure - people did not like this system  Constantine the Great- Constantine the Great won the civil war o Started to move the central government systematically to the east - Capital: Constantinople of Byzantine empire o Christianity  Jesus of Nazareth - Message of love and forgiveness- Crucifixion  Core teachings of Christianity - Christians believe that humans enter the world at the fall of Adam- People’s intimate relation with god was cut off - Jesus Christ was sent by the father to the earth - He was sentenced to death because he carried all the things of human beings - Christians need to display their virtues after they followed Jesus Spread of Christianity - Saul (Paul) and the “gentiles” o Paul was beheaded in 62 ADo He was a Roman citizen so he could not be crucified - Jewish War and the second Diaspora o Jewish people had failed rebellion o Roman authority moved Jewish to other Empires o It was the chance for them to bring faith to other empires  Appeal of Christianity - Universality o World religion – anyone can be Christian - Hope and optimism o In the time of chaos, Christianity gave hope because of the second coming and promise of being saved by godo In the church, you can rely on others in times of disparity - Spirit of mutuality - Appeal to idealismo Idealized goal that people could struggle for o Edict of Milan  Legalized Christianity for the first time in history - It was only legal for Christians to practice their religion in this empire o Issued by Constantine o Official tolerance of Christianity o Official religion of the empire - Early Church organizationo Modeled on Roman civil practices Bishops and priests Canon Law o Four major centers of Christianity  Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and Constantinople (all the east) o Petrine Succession  Bishop of Rome : first among equals  Today’s title: