Speech BreathingFancy expiration!Respiratory system used as “power supply” that produces compressed airBreathing in is same. You don speech while inhaling.speech: how do you control exhalation.requires compressed air, pressurized airstream,I need to use the respiratory system for a power supply.less or more compressed air depending on the speech sounds that I want to produce.BookLung volume: not very different from normal breathing.Loudness: rather the result of improper use of the larynx, articulators, or the resonatorsOverall range of lung volumes when speech is produced: 35~70% of vital capacitySustained vowel productionFirst graph- lung volumeDecrease in steady rate.Second graph: subglottal pressure levelDuring the production of a prolonged or sustained vowel, subglottal pressure remains at surprisingly constant levelsSubglottal pressure of 6cmH2O maintains the vocal folds in vibration throughout the entire range of lung volumes, including those below resting lung volume, where relaxation pressures are normally negativeFlat. Because of constant rate of change in volume.Stop decreasing volume pressure drops to 0(relative to Patm)Third graph- airflowNo flow, when there is no change in volume, because no pressure is being generatedPositive pressure creates airflow. (outward?, inward?)NoteSpeech: still about generating pressure, to drive vocal fold to vibrate, to create turbulence, modulate pressures to signal stress, to create intensity, etc. magnitude of pressure is dictated by our demand.How am I holding my breath, with vocal fold open? How can I hold 100% VC? By holding my inspiratory muscle. Continuing contraction of inspiratory muscle. no (alveolar) pressure. (palv= patm)Let go: lung volume decrease causes positive pressure causes flow.For steady flow: using inspiratory muscle against recoil force trying to snap back.For sustained vowel, Constant intensity, constant pressure required.Checking action(book)Muscular activity that prevents thorax-lung recoil from generating excessive subglottal pressureThere is an inverse relationship between airway resistance and the degree of checking action required to maintain a given subglottal pressureDemands of conversational speech would require that the checking action turn on and off as airway resistances decrease and increase in the course of speaking.Givensrequired alveolar pressures for sustained vowel utterance remains constant throughout lung volumesrelaxation (recoil) forces will generate some amount of alveolar pressure, the amount depending on lung volumenet inspiratory or expiratory muscle effort may be added to recoil forcesA – pressures due to recoil exceed pressure requirements of utterancenet inspiratory muscle effort added to recoil in checking or braking actionB – at this point, recoil forces generate alveolar pressures just sufficient to meet utterance demandsno additional muscle effort requiredC – pressures due to recoil fall below pressure requirements of utterancenet expiratory muscle effort added to recoil to meet pressure demandsAA—inspiratory muscle effort applied in braking actionMagnitude depends on difference between required alveolar pressure and recoil pressuresBB—recoil pressure = required pressureNo additional muscle effort requiredReflected as 0 muscular pressure at BBCC—expiratory muscle effort applied to supplement recoil pressuresMagnitude depends on difference between required alveolar pressure and recoil pressuresSustained vowel productionRelationship between recoil forces, expiratory muscle effort, and inspiratory muscle effort varies depending on nature of sustained utterance taskFor loud utterance (3), less inspiratory muscle effort required, and through shorter VS rangeBut, more expiratory muscle effort required through greater VS rangeFor soft utterance (1,) opposite takes placeGreater inspiratory muscle effeort required at higher lung volumes, and through greater VS rangeLess expiratory, muscle effort required at lower lung volumes, and through smaller VS range relative to normal loudness utterance (2)Early in sustained vowel production (upright posture), diaphragm and extern intercostals active to provide braking actionDiaphragm shuts down as requirement lessensAs expiratory muscle effort becomes necessary, chest wall muscles activateFollowed by abdominal muscles as more expiratory forces neededEffects of PostureUprightGravity is expiratory on the rib cage, inspiratory on the diaphragm and abdomenSupineGravity is expiratory on the rib cage, diaphragm, and abdomenThese effects will influence the relaxation pressure curve*Dots are representing RELVertical lines:speech lines. Breath group. Utterances. Ranges of lung volume when ~ in different postures.expiratory volumes of breathing group during readingwherever REL is, you adjust your lung volume above the REL. (where are my recoil forces relative to REL)look at the dots!!! Which are representing RELdifferent sources give different VC. VC is different for all posture.Supine: about 20% VCSqueeze some air in the lung.Incline backwards: much lower VC then supine.Gravitational forces have influence on the resting position of the lung thorax unit!Not going to change the its shape, but going to change where its crossing over the curveBookMost of the volumes and capacities decrease when a person is lying down rather than standing. Why?There is a tendency for abdominal viscera to press upward against the diaphragm when a person is lying downPulmonary blood volume increase in the lying position, which decreases the space available for pulmonary airlung capacity at resting expiratory level to be about 20% of vital capacity lower in the supine than in the upright position, and that speech was produced at a correspondingly lower levelCSD 3112 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Volume—Pressure RelationshipsII. Recoil Forcesa. Passiveb. ActiveIII. Pressure Relaxation CurveOutline of Current Lecture IV. Speech BreathingV. Sustained vowel productionVI. Effects of PostureCurrent LectureRespiratory System Physiology p4 Speech Breathing- Fancy expiration!- Respiratory system used as “power supply” that produces compressed air- Breathing in is same. You don speech while inhaling. - speech: how do you control exhalation.- requires compressed air, pressurized airstream,- I need to use the respiratory system for a power supply.- less or more compressed air depending on the speech sounds that I want to produce.-