Tidal Volume (TV)amount of air inspired or expired during respiratory cycle0.5 ‐ 0.75 Lit is tidal volume(Exercise induced tidal volume)Why did it increased? Oxygen demands for the system has increasedWork demands an increased oxygen expenditure, which, in turn, will be reflected in the value of an individual’s TV(working higher TV)Wide variability in clinically normal individualsInspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)maximum amount of air that can be inhaled from end‐inspiratory level2.5 Lhow much more room do we have for inhalationbreath in. instead of breading out, fully breath in. all the way to the max.--> THAT IS YOUR IRV.quite small, but larger than tidal volume.Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERVmaximum amount of air that can be exhaled from end‐expiratory level2.0 Lopposite. after exhale, instead of breathing back in, blow more out till you cannot blow out.Maximum amount of air you can be exhaled from the end expiratory level(bottom end of TV experation)Residual Volume (RV)amount of air remaining in lungs after max. expiration2.0 Lis about how much remains in our lungsyou still have air remaining after our maximum exhalationWe cannot speak on residual airResidual air cannot be voluntarily expelled, so it cannot be measured directly, but computedInspiratory Capacity (IC)maximum amount of air that can be inspired from REL= TV + IRV3.0 Lcan be directly measuredat the end of your exhalation, if you inhale maximally, that is your ICVital Capacity (VC)maximum amount of air that can be expired after maximum inspiration= IRV + TV + ERVfunctional unit of systemtake in as deeper breath as you can, and blow all as much as you can.Usable range of volumes of lung you have.we all have different VCdifferences between gender.differences in whether hard trained athleteFunctional Residual Capacity (FRC)volume of air in lungs and airway at REL= ERV + RV4.0 Lat the end of the expiration, how much air you have in the lung?Total Lung Capacity (TLC)volume of air in lungs and airway after maximum inspiration= IRV + TV + ERV + RV7.0 LForces Involved in Respiration—Inspiratoryair flows from region of higher pressure to region of lower pressureat REL (~ 37 % VC), alveolar (lung) pressure equals atmospheric pressureNo air movement. No difference in air pressure.to inspire, Palv must be reduced sufficiently below Patm to create pressure gradient that will allow inward flowBreathing: negative pressure event. By moving away from REL.any movement away from REL requires muscle effortcan move away from REL by controlling volume, and by controlling volume, we can dictate the pressureenlarge thoracic cavity volume  Palv will decrease(Boyles law)diaphragm: expend verticallyother muscles: to expand rib cage increase thorax volume, and decrease the pressure in the lung air moves inas a result, air will move innoteREL : rest position mechanical equilibrium position of the lung-thorax unit. and mechanical system.To move away from rest, I need to do something.  use muscle effort to move my mechanical system away from the REL.inspiration may be quiet or forced matter of degreewhen forced, more vigorous. More effortful.inspiration is active implies muscle effort.Passive: non-muscular.Breathing is effortless.during inspiration, lungs expand via contraction of inspiratory muscles (A)increased lung volume results in decreased alveolar (lung) pressure (B)negative alveolar pressure results in negative (inward) flow of air that varies in magnitude with alveolar pressure change (C)at end of inspiration, lung volume change ceases, alveolar pressure returns to atmospheric pressure, inward flow of air stops (G)muscle energy expended during inspiration used to overcome:resistance to airflow through respiratory airwaysstraw. Move air through thesystem (resistance)resistance to deformation of respiratory tissueslung tissue is elastic. Any elastic system will offer resistance to deform.elastic recoil of lung‐thorax unitonce stretched, wants to snap back.so, need to prevent it from snapping back to overcome recoil forces.Forces Involved in Respiration—Expirationalveolar pressure at end of inspiration equals Patmfor expiration, Palv must exceed Patmif decrease volume of thoracic cavity, Palv will increase and outward flow of air can occurexpiration may be active or passivesucking it in, not pushing it in. but pushing it out?inspiration: active.expiration: active or passive. can be one or both, or combination, but by the fault, it is going to be passive. why?Think about forces that I have to overcome to inhale, passive means non-muscular, at least passive.If I contracted diaphragm etc, if I turn those muscle off, it is going to recoil, because it is elastic system  therefore passive-during expiration, lungs volume decreases via contraction of expiratory muscles (D)-decreasing lung volume results in increased (positive) alveolar (lung) pressure (E)doesn’t matter where your lung volume was at-positive alveolar pressure results in positive (outward) flow of air that varies in magnitude with alveolar pressure change (F)rate at which this is happening depends on rate of at which volume is happening?Forceful expiration: can tell the outflow is quick, because volume change is happening quickly-at end of inspiration, lung volume change ceases, alveolar pressure returns to atmospheric pressure, inward flow of air stopsCSD 3112 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I. Respiratory System Physiologya. TerminologyII. Gas lawsIII. Lung Thorax UnitOutline of Current Lecture IV. Lung Volume Divisionsa. Tidal Volumeb. Inspiratory Reserve Volumec. Expiratory Reserve Volumed. Residual Volumee. Inspiratory capacity f. Vital Capacity g. Functional Residual CapacityV. Forces involved in respirationa. Inspirationb. ExpirationCurrent LectureRespiratory System Physiology p2These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Tidal Volume (TV)- amount of air inspired or expired during respiratory cycle- 0.5 ‐ 0.75 L- it is tidal volume(Exercise induced tidal volume)- Why did it increased? Oxygen demands for the system has increased- Work demands an increased oxygen expenditure, which, in turn, willbe reflected in the value of an individual’s TV(working higher TV)- Wide variability in clinically normal individuals Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)- maximum amount of air that can be inhaled from