Tongueprimary biological functions include taste, mastication, deglutitionmost important and most active of the articulatorsmodifies shape of oral cavityTongue surface divided into ..Tip – portion nearest front teethBlade – below upper alveolar ridgeFront – below hard palateBack – below soft palateLongitudinal median sulcusdivides dorsum into right and left halvesForamen cecumsmall pit towards back of tonguePapillaeprojections of dermis covering tongue dorsumgive tongue rough texturecontain taste budsExtrinsic MusclesGenioglossusStyloglossusHyoglossusPalatoglossusGenioglossusforms bulk of tongue tissue strongest and largest tongue muscleOrigin – mental spines of mandibleCourse – lower fibers to hyoid bone– remainder fan out to tongue dorsumInsert – hyoid, and submucosal fibrous tissue of tongue dorsumAction – posterior fibers draw tongue forward to protrude tip– also to press tip against teeth– anterior fibers may retract tongue tipStyloglossusOrigin – styloid process of temporal boneCourse – inferior and anteriorInsert – sides of tongue near dorsum, some fibers blending with hyoglossusAction – draw tongue posteriorly and superiorly– may also create troughing– antagonist to genioglossusHyoglossusOrigin – body and greater horn of hyoid boneCourse – vertical, diverging slightlyInsert – lateral submucous tissue of posterior 1⁄2 of tongueAction – retract and depress tonguePalatoglossusmay also be referred to as glossopalatineOrigin – lower surface of palatal aponeurosisCourse – inferiorInsertion – sides of tongueAction – may exert upward pull on tongue if velum anchoredIntrinsic MusclesSuperior longitudinalInferior longitudinalTransverseVerticalSuperior Longitudinalthin layer of oblique and longitudinal fiberslie just below mucous membrane of dorsumOrigin – submucous fibrous tissue close to tongue root, median fibrous septumCourse – anteriorInsert – fibrous membrane at edges of tongueAction – shorten tongue, turn tongue tip up, may contribute to troughingInferior Longitudinalfibers lie on undersurface of tongue, lateral to genioglossusOrigin – root of tongue, some perhaps from hyoid boneCourse – anteriorInsert – blend with other fibers from root to apexAction – shorten tongue, pull tongue tip downTransverseOrigin – median fibrous septumCourse – lateralInsert – submucous fibrous tissue laterallyAction – narrow and elongate tongueVerticalOrigin – mucous membrane of tongue dorsumCourse – inferior and slightly lateralInsert – sides and inferior surface oftongueAction – flatten tongueCSD 3112 1st Edition Lecture 31Outline of Last Lecture I. Muscles of Mastication cont.a. Elevatorsi. Masseterii. Temporalisiii. Medial PterygoidII. Muscle of Facial Expressiona. Orbicularis Orisb. Transverse i. Buccinatorii. Risoriusc. Angulari. Zygomatic Majorii. LevatorLabii Superioriii. Depressor Labii Inferiord. Verticali. LevatorAnguliOrisii. Depressor AnguliOrisMentalisOutline of Current Lecture III. Tonguea. Longitudinal median sulcusb. Foramen cecumc. PapillaeIV. Extrinsic Musclesa. Genioglossusb. Styloglossusc. Hyoglossusd. PalatoglossusV. Intrinsic musclesa. Superior Longitudinalb. Inferior longitudinalc. TransverseThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. VerticalCurrent Lecture  Tongue- primary biological functions include taste, mastication, deglutition- most important and most active of the articulators - modifies shape of oral cavity- Tongue surface divided into ..o Tip – portion nearest front teetho Blade – below upper alveolar ridge o Front – below hard palateo Back – below soft palate- Longitudinal median sulcuso divides dorsum into right and left halves- Foramen cecumo small pit towards back of tongue- Papillaeo projections of dermis covering tongue dorsumo give tongue rough textureo contain taste buds Extrinsic Muscles- Genioglossus- Styloglossus- Hyoglossus- Palatoglossus Genioglossus- forms bulk of tongue tissue strongest and largest tongue muscle- Origin – mental spines of mandible- Course – lower fibers to hyoid boneo – remainder fan out to tongue dorsum- Insert – hyoid, and submucosal fibrous tissue of tongue dorsum- Action – posterior fibers draw tongue forward to protrude tipo – also to press tip against teetho – anterior fibers may retract tongue tip Styloglossus- Origin – styloid process of temporal bone- Course – inferior and anterior- Insert – sides of tongue near dorsum, some fibers blending with hyoglossus- Action – draw tongue posteriorly and superiorlyo – may also create troughingo – antagonist to genioglossus Hyoglossus- Origin – body and greater horn of hyoid bone- Course – vertical, diverging slightly- Insert – lateral submucous tissue of posterior 1⁄2 of tongue- Action – retract and depress tongue Palatoglossus- may also be referred to as glossopalatine- Origin – lower surface of palatal aponeurosis- Course – inferior- Insertion – sides of tongue- Action – may exert upward pull on tongue if velum anchored Intrinsic Muscles- Superior longitudinal - Inferior longitudinal - Transverse- Vertical Superior Longitudinal- thin layer of oblique and longitudinal fibers- lie just below mucous membrane of dorsum- Origin – submucous fibrous tissue close to tongue root, median fibrous septum- Course – anterior- Insert – fibrous membrane at edges of tongue- Action – shorten tongue, turn tongue tip up, may contribute to troughing Inferior Longitudinal- fibers lie on undersurface of tongue, lateral to genioglossus- Origin – root of tongue, some perhaps from hyoid bone- Course – anterior- Insert – blend with other fibers from root to apex- Action – shorten tongue, pull tongue tip down Transverse- Origin – median fibrous septum- Course – lateral- Insert – submucous fibrous tissue laterally- Action – narrow and elongate tongue Vertical- Origin – mucous membrane of tongue dorsum- Course – inferior and slightly lateral- Insert – sides and inferior surface of- tongue- Action – flatten