Phonatory Parameters—Fundamental Frequency (Fo)rate of vocal fold vibrationmay vary over a 3 octave range in young adultsvaries depending on age and gender (later)auditory‐perceptual correlate of fundamental frequency is “pitch”control of Fo accomplished via ...adjustments of vocal folds (primary)adjustment of respiratory system (secondary)Laryngeal Adjustments3 laryngeal (vocal fold) factors include ...vocal fold tension (stiffness)effective vibrating masscover tension increase via laryngeal elevationtension generally thought to be most important factorLaryngeal Adjustments—Tensionstretching (lengthening) folds will ....stiffen them (increase longitudinal tension)reduce their mass per unit of length (thinning)increase tensionincrease FoBack to Body and CoverEpitheliumLamina Propria superficialintermediatedeepThyroarytenoid14Cover Dominant Phonationonly the cover vibrates during soft and high frequency phonationcricothyroid contracts, unopposed by thyroarytenoidmovement about cricothyroid joint causes vocal folds to lengthen, stretching both the cover and bodycover not only becomes stiffer, but also thinnerthis increased stiffness occurs passivelyBody—Cover Phonationat low – intermediate frequencies or at moderate‐to‐high intensity phonation at any frequency, thyroarytenoid (body) participates in vibrationnow must consider active in addition to passive forcesFo control now involves a combination of cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid activityhere, thyroarytenoid dominant in adjusting tensionLaryngeal Adjustmentseffective vibrating massrefers to portion of vocal folds actually in motiondecrease effective vibrating massincrease Fobut, must decrease mass by factor of 4 to double Fodecrease effective vibrating mass by decreasing effective vibrating length of vocal foldscontraction of lateral cricoarytenoid used to adjust medial compression of vocal folds in area of tips of arytenoid cartilage vocal processesanalogous to pressing guitar string against fretsecondary mechanismLaryngeal Adjustments--Extrinsicsuprahyoid muscles and thyrohyoid may exert pull on underside of vocal folds via conus elasticus to elevate Fofurther stiffens vocal fold covermay be used as last biomechanical adjustment to attain highest fundamental frequenciessecondary mechanismsternothyroid and sternohyoid contraction may lower the larynx, causing vocal folds to shorten and thickendownward pull by thyrohyoid may contribute, depending on opposing forces by suprahyoid musclesresult in decrease in FoRespiratory Adjustmenttracheal air pressure tends to increase with Fomay be result of need for higher driving pressures in response to increased laryngeal airway resistance (increased stiffness) at higher fundamental frequencieswith fixed larynx (i.e. resistance not changing), may see 2 – 4 Hz increase for each cm H2O increase in subglottal pressureclearly a secondary mechanismCSD 3112 1st Edition Lecture 23 Outline of Last Lecture I. Laryngeal Vibration Modelsa. Single Mass Modelb. Two Mass Modelc. Three Mass Modeld. Sixteen Mass ModelOutline of Current Lecture II. Phonatory Parametersa. Fundamental FrequencyIII. Laryngeal Adjustmentsa. Tensionb. Back to Body and Coverc. ExtrinsicIV. Respiratory AdjustmentCurrent Lecture Theories of Vibration continued- Phonatory Parameters—Fundamental Frequency (Fo)o rate of vocal fold vibrationo may vary over a 3 octave range in young adultso varies depending on age and gender (later)o auditory‐perceptual correlate of fundamental frequency is “pitch”o control of Fo accomplished via ... adjustments of vocal folds (primary) adjustment of respiratory system (secondary)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Laryngeal Adjustmentso 3 laryngeal (vocal fold) factors include ...  vocal fold tension (stiffness) effective vibrating mass cover tension increase via laryngeal elevationo tension generally thought to be most important factor- Laryngeal Adjustments—Tension o stretching (lengthening) folds will .... stiffen them (increase longitudinal tension) reduce their mass per unit of length (thinning)o increase tensionincrease Fo- Back to Body and Covero Epitheliumo Lamina Propria superficialo intermediate o deepo Thyroarytenoid- ++++++++++++++++++++14- Cover Dominant Phonationo only the cover vibrates during soft and high frequency phonationo cricothyroid contracts, unopposed by thyroarytenoido movement about cricothyroid joint causes vocal folds to lengthen, stretching both the cover and bodyo cover not only becomes stiffer, but also thinnero this increased stiffness occurs passively- Body—Cover Phonationo at low – intermediate frequencies or at moderate‐to‐high intensity phonation at any frequency, thyroarytenoid (body) participates in vibrationo now must consider active in addition to passive forceso Fo control now involves a combination of cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid activityo here, thyroarytenoid dominant in adjusting tension- Laryngeal Adjustments o effective vibrating mass refers to portion of vocal folds actually in motiono decrease effective vibrating massincrease Foo but, must decrease mass by factor of 4 to double Foo decrease effective vibrating mass by decreasing effective vibrating length of vocal foldso contraction of lateral cricoarytenoid used to adjust medial compression of vocal folds in area of tips of arytenoid cartilage vocal processeso analogous to pressing guitar string against freto secondary mechanism- Laryngeal Adjustments--Extrinsico suprahyoid muscles and thyrohyoid may exert pull on underside of vocal folds via conus elasticus to elevate Foo further stiffens vocal fold covero may be used as last biomechanical adjustment to attain highest fundamental frequencieso secondary mechanismo sternothyroid and sternohyoid contraction may lower the larynx, causing vocal folds to shorten and thickeno downward pull by thyrohyoid may contribute, depending on opposing forces by suprahyoid muscleso result in decrease in Fo- Respiratory Adjustmento tracheal air pressure tends to increase with Foo may be result of need for higher driving pressures in response to increased laryngeal airway resistance (increased stiffness) at higher fundamental frequencieso with fixed larynx (i.e. resistance not changing), may