Tongueoften considered most important supraglottal articulatoralso, one of most difficult to investigatemass negligible in relation to muscle forces availableviscosity negligible in relation to muscle forces availablecapable of being moved within the oral cavity by its own intrinsic and extrinsic musculature as well as by jaw musclesintrinsic muscles may also change its shapecan protrude, retract, lateralize, centralize, curl, point, lick, bulge, groove, flatten, rotate, etc.actions similar in many respects to octopus tentacle or elephants trunknotion of muscular hydrostatmuscle‐filled, incompressible containerno internal skeletonmusculature arranged in different arrays that allow for changes in structure shape without changing volumetongue movements during speech studies extensively using motion picture x‐rayin general, lingual movement velocity related to distance to be traveledmovements controlled in accordance with durational constraintsVelopharyngeal Mechanismvalve that couples and decouples oral and nasal cavitiessagittal velar elevation movements occur superiorly and posteriorlysoft palate shape changes as it movesvelar knee or dimple due to insertion of levatorvelipalatinipharyngeal walls also play a rolenumber of strategies for closing velopharyngeal port (VP) have been identified (more later)strategies may vary based on individual anatomymay also change over time as anatomy changes (i.e. adenoid involution)levatorvelipalatini clearly prominent muscle associated with velar elevationbut not the only musclelevator, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus form coordinative structure to position VP mechanismtensor velipalatini inactive during speechmore active on swallow and to open Eustachian tubemusculus uvulae may act to increase stiffness of VP seal“bent beam”palatopharyngeus may produce fine adjustments in velar height when velum elevatedperhaps also involved in pharyngeal adjustmentspalatoglossus situated as natural anatgonist to levatorvelipalatinifelt to help lower palate when time constraints dictate fast loweringbut, also activated during elevation, as mentioned earlierPurpose of Articulator Movementto control airflow simultaneously with changing vocal tract shape so that a sound stream is createdairflow control is an aerodynamic phenomenonshape control is an acoustic phenomenonCSD 3112 1st Edition Lecture 33Outline of Last Lecture I. Articulatory System PhysiologyII. LipsIII. MandibleOutline of Current Lecture IV. Articulatory System Physiology cont.V. TongueVI. Velopharyngeal MechanismVII. Purpose of Articulatory movementCurrent Lecture  Tongue- often considered most important supraglottal articulator o also, one of most difficult to investigate- mass negligible in relation to muscle forces available- viscosity negligible in relation to muscle forces available- capable of being moved within the oral cavity by its own intrinsic and extrinsic musculature as well as by jaw muscles- intrinsic muscles may also change its shape- can protrude, retract, lateralize, centralize, curl, point, lick, bulge, groove, flatten, rotate, etc.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- actions similar in many respects to octopus tentacle or elephants trunk- notion of muscular hydrostat- muscle‐filled, incompressible container- no internal skeleton- musculature arranged in different arrays that allow for changes in structure shape without changing volume- tongue movements during speech studies extensively using motion picture x‐ray- in general, lingual movement velocity related to distance to be traveled- movements controlled in accordance with durational constraints Velopharyngeal Mechanism- valve that couples and decouples oral and nasal cavities- sagittal velar elevation movements occur superiorly and posteriorly- soft palate shape changes as it moves- velar knee or dimple due to insertion of levatorvelipalatini- pharyngeal walls also play a role- number of strategies for closing velopharyngeal port (VP) have beenidentified (more later)- strategies may vary based on individual anatomy- may also change over time as anatomy changes (i.e. adenoid involution) *- levatorvelipalatini clearly prominent muscle associated with velar elevation- but not the only muscle- levator, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus form coordinative structure to position VP mechanism- tensor velipalatini inactive during speech- more active on swallow and to open Eustachian tube- musculus uvulae may act to increase stiffness of VP seal- “bent beam”- palatopharyngeus may produce fine adjustments in velar height when velum elevated- perhaps also involved in pharyngeal adjustments- palatoglossus situated as natural anatgonist to levatorvelipalatini- felt to help lower palate when time constraints dictate fast lowering- but, also activated during elevation, as mentioned earlier Purpose of Articulator Movement- to control airflow simultaneously with changing vocal tract shape so that a sound stream is created- airflow control is an aerodynamic phenomenon - shape control is an acoustic