CSD 3112 1st Edition Exam #2 Study Guide1. What are the 5 groups of vertebrae?a. Cervical Vertebrae:C1-C7; C1 referred to as the "atlas" -supports the skullC2 referred to as the "axis" - forms pivot around which C1 and skull can rotate C7 conspicuous spinous processI. Thoracic Vertebrae: T1-T2 Have articular facet on transverse processes for attachment of ribsc. Lumbar Vertebrae: L1-L5 Larger, as serve weightbearing rolesupport all superior parts d. Sacral Vertebrae: S1-S5; fused together to form single structure called the sacrume. Coccygeal Vertebrae:3 or 4 coccygeal vertebra fused together to form single structure called the coccyx "tail bone"lots of stress/force applied to pelvic area2. What are the abnormal spinal curvatures and which part of the vertebralcolumn do they affect? a. Kyphosis: hunchbackposterior curvature of thoracic regionb. Lordosis:swaybackanterior curvature of lumbarc. Scoliosis:lateral curvature of the vertebral column3. What are the components of the sternum? a. Manubrium:1st ribb. Body: ribs 2-7c. Xiphoid Process: does nothing; used when doing CPR4. What are the components of the rib cage?12pairs of ribs1-7:connect directly to sternum8-11: correction: 8-10connect to costal cartilages of superior ribs11-12: have no anterior attachment; can harvest bone from themOrigin:vertebral columnCourse:5. What are the components of the pelvic andpectoral girdles? a. Pelvic Girdle 1. Coxal Bone I. Consists of: a. Ilium: can harvest bone from iliumb. Ischium:where we sit onc. Pubis:=pubic bonethe fused vertebrae that, with the coccyx, form the interior portion of2.Sacrum the vertebral column 3.Coccyx the vestigal, inferior-most portion of the vertebral column, shapedlike the beak of a cuckoo**Parts to know:b. Pectoral Girdle 1. Clavicle/Collarbone serves toprotectscapula 2. Scapula/Shoulder blade where humorous bone of arm is attached to6. What are the components of the respiratory passage? a.Nasal Cavity: traverses the depth of the facial skeleton b. Oral Cavity: bounded anteriorly and laterally by the teeth and alveolar processessuperiorly by the hard and soft palatesc. Pharynx: the membranous tube connecting the mouth and nares with the esophagusd. Larynx: forms the superior terminal of the tracheae. Trachea: the tube extending from the larynx to the bronchif. Bronchi: windpipes in our respiratory system g. Lungs: located in the thoracic cavity and largely occupy it7. What is meant by the term pleural linkage, and how is it accomplished? Why is it significant?-parietal pleura - inner surface of thoracic cavity, including superior surface of diaphragm visceral pleura - outer surface of lungsintrapleural space - fluid filled negative pressure region between visceral and parietal pleuraIf there were no linkage, the lungs would collapse8. For each of the muscles of inhalation and exhalation, know where they are positioned, and their role in respiration (i.e. action).Muscles of Inhalation:Major:1.Diaphragm2. External intercostalsAccessory:1. levatores costarum 2. serratus posterior superior 3. pectoralis major 4. pectoralis minor 5.subclavius6. serratus anterior 7. sternocleidomastoideus scaleneMuscles of Exhalation:Major:1. rectus abdominus2. external oblique 3. internal oblique 4.transverse abdominus Accessory:1. subcostals 2. internal intercostals 3. transverse thoracis 4. serratus posterior inferior 5. quadratus lumborum 2 What is the abdominal aponeurosis, and what is its role inrespiration? exhalation muscles attachment point the sheet of tendons stretch with respiration and keep the abdominal contents fromcoming out 10. The thoracic cage expands in three dimensions during inhalation. What are they, and how is expansion accomplished?1. The respiratory system has two functions: name thema. exchange of gases between blood and external environment b. movement of air in and out of lungs 2. If an individual’s body area is about 2500 in2 and the force exerted by air against 1 sq. in of ear at sea level is 14.7 lbs/sq. inch what will the total force exerted on the body by the atmosphere be?—Given that number (hint: it should be rather large) why are our bodies not compressed? because the body area is 300 sq. in and so we are able to have balanced pressurebetween outside and inside of body3. We have discussed two gas laws: Boyle’s Law and Newton’s Law. Describe them. How do they relate to inhalation/exhalation? Boyle’s Law:pressure of gas and volume have an inverse relationshipNewton’s Law:air flow moves high to low pressureInhalation:4. What are the main components of the lung-thorax unit? How are the individualparts expanded/compressed relative to the disconnected state? outer surface of lung - visceral pleura inner surface of thorax - parietal pleuranegative pressure between two - intrapleural space5. Equilibrium position of the lung-thorax unit is described as 37% of _________________? Describe what _________ __________ is. Vital Capacity: the max air that can be expired after max inhalation6. The amount of air inspired or expired during a respiratory cycle is: a. Inspiratory Reserve Volume b. Residual Volume c. Total Lung Capacity Tidal Volume7. The maximum amount of air that can be expired after maximum inspiration is: Vital Capacityb. Inspiratory Capacity c. Functional Residual Capacityd. Expiratory Reserve Volume8. What are the two types of forces that act on the respiratory system, once it is movedaway from REL? a. recoil forcesb. muscle effort9. What are the three types of passive recoil forces that act on the lung-thorax unit toreturn it back to rest position? a. gravity b. elasticity c. torque 10. Describe a typical respiratory cycle. Lung expands by contracting inspiratory muscles air moves in as Palc decreasesAt the end of inhalation, lung volume change stops Palv returns to Patm level. Expiration breathing starts Lung contracts by expiratory musclesAir moves out as Palv increasesAt the end of exhalation, lung volume change stop Palv returns to Patm. Repeat11. Draw a pressure-relaxation curve:see lecture slidePressure Relaxation Curve: vital capacity %·y-axis represents: recoil of lung-thorax · Relaxation curve represents: Palv that will be generated at any given lung volume if recoil supplied by contractionrecoil + inspiratory muscle effort of insp muscles· Maximum inspiration curve