1. what is the anatomical position, and why is it important?Description:body standing erect, facing observer, arms at side, palms facing forward, (eyes front, tips of the feet directed forward)• Superior:upper, as distinct from superficialInferior:lower, as distinct from deepSuperficial:toward the surface as distinct from superiorDeep:away from the surface, as distinct from inferiorExternal:at, near, or towards the body surface (outer surface of the body) (Often used to describe body cavities or the body wall, but it sometimes used interchangeably with superficial)Internal:Away from the body surface, or into the body. Toward the inner surface (Also used to describe body cavities, or the body wall, but is sometimes used interchangeably with deep.)Medial:Toward the axis or midlinelateralaway from the axis or midlineproximaltoward the body or toward the root of a free extremitydistalaway from the body or the root of a free extremityexample:the ears are lateral to the eyesthe mandible is superior/cranial to the diapharagmthe clavicle(collar bone) is medial to the shoulderthe sternum is ventral/anterior to the spinal cordthe pelvis is caudal/inferior to stomachthe ankle is distal to kneethe skull is external/superficial to brainthe spinal cord is posterior/dorsal to belly buttonfor human, ventral and anterior surfaces are samefor horse, ventral and anterior have quite different meanings3. describe the various planes of reference and be able to identify them on a diagramfrontal/coronalcut that divides body into front and back, anterior and posteriormedial/sagittaldivides body into left and righttransverse/horizontal:divides body into superior and inferiorcoronal / sagittal/ median4. know the 5 basic tissue types, and how they contribute to the process of speech productionEpithelial tissue:Sheet covering external surface of body, lining tubes and passageways to exterior and interior body cavitiesRests on top of connective tissuesFunctions include protection, secretion, sensation, absorptionDepend on where this tissue is located in the bodyET Types:Epithelial tissue proper:forms outer later of body, epidermis of skinouter layer of interior membranes that are continuous with mucous membranes such as inside of cheekMesothelial tissue:slippery lining of internal body cavitieslines lungs and internal cavity of chestendothelial tissuelining of blood vessels and lymphatic vesselsEndothelial tissue:lining of blood vessels and lymphatic vesselsConnective tissue:Connects or binds structures together, supports body, aids in body maintenanceMay be 3 different types: loose, dense, or specialFewer cells than epithelial tissue but denser (more intracellular substance)CT Types:Loose:Extensively distributed. Primary role is to binds parts togetherTypes:Areolar tissue: creates bed that skin lays on, what epithelial skin connects to, found throughout body in different locationsAdipose tissue: found just beneath skin, higher concentration of fat cells than areolar, plays lubricating role in bodyDenseMay be fibrous or elasticTendons, aponeuroses, ligament, fasciaCharacterized by an abundance of closely packed fibersThe types that are more fibrous show to be more white, more elastic are yellow in example imagesTypes:Tendon: tough non-elastic cords that are always associated with muscles, the means to which most the muscle are attached to either bone, cartilage, or muscleAchilles tendon for exampleAponeurosis: sheet of tendons as opposed to cord tendon, same non-elastic, serves as a covering for different muscles and a lot of muscles connect to itExample: abdominal aponeurosisLigaments: more elastic than tendons, used around joints to keep them together, joins bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilageExample: calcaneofibular ligamentFascia: commonly associated with muscle and helps organize them into functional unitsLayer of fascia to separate muscles into different functional unitsExample: anterior neck fasciaSpecial connective tissueStructural roleCartilage and boneEars are still made of cartilageWhen you’re a baby you start with more cartilageSCT TypesHyaline cartilage: tougher cartilage that covers articular surfaces of joints that prevent bone on boneForms the framework for lower respiratory tractWith aging, it can oxify and become more bonelikeElastic cartilage: more elastic, rubbery feel, what our ears are made of, it doesn’t harden with age, all associated with sound production or reception like pharyngeal cartilage or pinnaFibrous cartilage: you can find it in joints or in between jointsNervous tissue2 characteristic properties:Nervous system divided into PNS and CNSCNS: brain and spinal cordPNS: cranial and spinal nervesbasic unit: neuron.Afferent nerves carry sensory info to CNSEfferent nerves carry motor commands away from CNStypes of neurons1: unipolar2: bipolar3: multipolarvascular tissueFluid tissues such as blood or lymphmuscular tissuetypes:smoothinvoluntary muscle. Innervated by the autonomic nervous systemfound in stomach, blood vessels, intestines, and bronchial tubesstriatedattached primarily to your skeletonvoluntary muscleSupplied by somatic division of the PNSCardiaccombination of smooth and skeletalit is involuntary, but striatedself-excitablefound only in heart5. be able to differentiate skeletal elevation terms from skeletal depression termselevationCondyle: rounded, knuckle like elevationOccipital condyleCrest: prominent ridgeIliac crest (hip bone)Head: generic term for enlargement at one end of boneSternal head of clavicleProcess: generic term for bony prominence (bump?)Mastoid processSpine: sharp projectionScapular spineTubercle: small rounded projection (often an attachment point for muscles) (increased in thickness of bone due to muscle)Articular tubercleTuberosity: large rounded projectionIschial tuberositydepressionFissure: deep groove in boneInferior orbital fissureForamen: opening or hole in boneForamen magnumFossa: pit or hollow in boneSupraspinous fossaSulcus: groove or furrowLateral sulcusMeatus: tube or passageway through boneExternal auditory meatusSinus: cavity within the boneFrontal (above eyes)Ethmoid (either side of nose)Maxillary (cheek bones in maxilla)6. be able to describe the functional differences between 3 different types of jointssynarthroidial: immovable, fibrousamphiarthroidial: yielding, cartilaginousdiarthroidial: moveable7. what are the basic components of a lever system? How do the lever system? How do the lever systems we