Effects of Diseasechanged properties of lung thorax unitcompliance vs resistanceresistance: opposition offered to somethingcompliance: inverse of resistance.Easy to inflate. Because destroyed elasticity of the lungs which have to overcome ~ recoil lostif lung compliance increases, elastic recoil is decreasedforced exhalation necessary to produce adequate pressures for speechif lung compliance decreases, elastic recoil is increasedvital capacity reducedfrequent breath pauses occur during speechConnected SpeechEverything constantly changingNo steady state pressures, air flow rates, resistancesno really static pressure during speech.when prolonging only. which is rare..Changes often rapid and largeChanges depends onWhere speech events are measured (before release of stop, right after fricative…ex)Phonetic factorsProsodic factorsTidal volume for rest breathing = ~0/5 LIn range between REL and end-inspiratory levelEncompasses about 10% VC (37 – 47% VC)Speech usually produced in middle of possible lung volumes (37 – 60% VC)What happens when we go below REL?Recoil will be inspiratory.Expand energy to overcome the desire of respiratory system to inhale.why is speech produced at lung volumes above REL?mechanical factors importantat extremes, mechanical apparatus stiffertherefore, more costly to control with muscle forcesstay above REL to take advantage of recoil to drive systemConversational speech vs loud speechnotegoing up: inhale. going down: exhale. While talking.inspiratory phase of speech breathing cycle:there are differences(talking vs breathing in/out).1)when talking, breath in much more air in. inhalation is deeper. take more air in when talking. why? because if I take more air in, I can generate greater outflow pressures than rest breathing, which will be used for speech. Depth of inhalation is greater.2) (slope) Inhalation for speech is abrupt. Rate of air intake is quicker. (steeper slope)how does that happen? Change the volume faster by using the muscles. Crank up inspiratory muscle, use them more forcefully, so that rate of changing volume can be greater. (muscle is what we have control over)why would we want to take air in faster? Because if I breath in for speech at the same rate with rest breathing, every time I take breath, I would have big pause, which interrupts my (flow) speech.more abrupt, and deeperexpiratory phase: what is the difference?1)a lot longer. Why?We wouldn’t just let recoil to happen. I need to control the outflow. (like sustained vowel production) add muscle effort to control rate of air flow of the system under what driving pressure. (under my control )2) differences in airway(below larynx to lips).Articulators make more constriction, obstruction, etc. (larynx vibrating, etc) these will be added to the duration of my exhalation. gives me longer exhalationripples: fluctuations in volume changing due to articulation, that are happening during the speechwhy not go down to REL before breathing in again?(circle)Think about flow of speech. Breathing in is recharging the system for speech. Tuned into where you are in the changing point. charge the system when it is more appropriate to do that.loud speech: big difference? (with conversational speech)1)depth of inhalation: greater than CSshould I take more air in and start from higher lung volume?Demand. How is Pressure(demand) required change as I go from conversational speech to loud speech? increasedloud speech: pressure demand is larger. I need to use much more expiratory muscle effort. If I inhale more, I get more recoil force, so that I don’t have to add much expiratory muscle effort to that to get to the demand that I have(as long as it is not exceeding too much of what I need)let the recoil help me.2)Faster airflow. Greater than CSloud speech: inhale more, expend more air.All the difference on the expiration phase.Inspiration: only difference is inhaling deeper and faster.Connected speech(cont.)Why is speech produced at lung volumes above REL? (midrange)Mechanical factors importantAt extremes, mechanical apparatus stifferTherefore, more costly to control with muscle forcesStay above REL to take advantages of recoil to drive systemConnected speechTemporal aspectsQuiet breathing12 or more times per minuteexpiration slightly longer than inspirationsspeech breathingfrequency of breathing decreasesinspirations more abruptexpirations lengthenedactive vs passive forcesmuscle effort required at given instant during speech depends on Palv demands and recoil forces availableconversational speech occurs between 37 and 60% VCrecoil pressures vary between 0 and 10cmH2O hereaverage of 7cm H2O required during speechconversational speech involves more frequent demands for rapid changes in muscle effortmay view as pulsatile variations in muscle effort overlaid on usual background level of Palv for steady state utterancesnoteincrease this:air get sucked in. increasing the volume of the containerincreasing inspiratory muscle effort.squeeze together : air gets out. Just like lung.Gradually squeeze. Like sustained vowel. Never happens in real speech.Speech: More frequent demands, more rapid changes in muscle effort, stress, volume, fricatives, plosives, etc.Add pulsatile variation, which gives extra volume change, which then get sudden burst of pressure. (but, still, has go gradually squeeze. Don’t stop.)Pulsatile active changes on the steady state of the outflow.CSD 3112 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. Speech BreathingII. Sustained vowel productionIII. Effects of PostureOutline of Current Lecture IV. Effects of DiseaseV. Connected Speecha. Temporal Aspectsb. Active vs. Passive ForcesCurrent LectureRespiratory System Physiology p5 Effects of Disease changed properties of lung thorax unit compliance vs resistanceresistance: opposition offered to somethingcompliance: inverse of resistance.  Easy to inflate. Because destroyed elasticity of the lungswhich have to overcome ~ recoil lost- if lung compliance increases, elastic recoil is decreasedo forced exhalation necessary to produce adequate pressures for speech- if lung compliance decreases, elastic recoil is increasedo vital capacity reducedo frequent breath pauses occur during speechThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Connected Speech- Everything constantly changing- No steady state