Age and Gender Differencesframework of infant larynx triples in size during developmentthree registers in speaking voicepulse, modal, loftmodal register typically used during conversational speechvocal folds are short, thick, slackloft register also called falsetto and has thin, flutelike, breathy qualityvibration restricted to free margins of foldsamplitude of sound wave leaving vocal tractadjustment of respiratory mechanismkey variable is subglottal (alveolar) pressureincreases and decreases in subglottal pressure cause increases and decreases in SPLdoubling of subglottal pressure for typical voice production can increase SPL by 8 ‐12 dBimportant control variable is glottal widthairway opensvelum elevateslowers radiation impedance of airway to effect more efficient energy transmissionSPL ranges somewhat dependant on Fotherefore need high subglottal pressures to maintain phonation, which in turn leads to greater SPLmay categorize techniques in a number of waysmay observe vocal folds using a laryngeal mirrorReinke’s edemaLecture 24 Outline of Last Lecture I. Phonatory Parametersa. Fundamental FrequencyII. Laryngeal Adjustmentsa. Tensionb. Back to Body and Coverc. ExtrinsicIII. Respiratory AdjustmentOutline of Current Lecture IV. Age and Gender DifferencesV. Voice RegisterVI. Phonatory Parametersa. Intensity (SPL)VII. Laryngeal AdjustmentVIII. Supralaryngeal AdjustmentIX. Frequency—Intensity RelationshipX. Measuring Vocal Functiona. Vocal Fold VisualizationXI. Vocal Fold AnomaliesCurrent Lecture Theories of Vibration continued- Age and Gender Differenceso framework of infant larynx triples in size during developmento vocal folds double in length during childhoodo child Fo > adult female Fo > adult male Foo on average, males have sharper thyroid angle and larger larynxo adults have larger larynx than childreno greater mass vibrates slowero longer (rest length) vocal folds will vibrate slower- Voice Registero three registers in speaking voice  pulse, modal, lofto modal register typically used during conversational speecho pulse register characterized by creaky of glottal fry voice qualityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. CSD 3112 1st Edition vocal folds are short, thick, slacko loft register also called falsetto and has thin, flutelike, breathy quality vibration restricted to free margins of folds changes in Fo mediated more by changes in respiratory drive- Phonatory Parameters—Intensity (SPL)o amplitude of sound wave leaving vocal tracto may see range of 40 dB in young adultso auditory‐perceptual correlate of intensity is “loudness”o control of SPL accomplished via ... adjustment of respiratory mechanism adjustment of laryngeal mechanism adjustment of supralaryngeal mechanismo key variable is subglottal (alveolar) pressure increases and decreases in subglottal pressure cause increases and decreases in SPLo doubling of subglottal pressure for typical voice production can increase SPL by 8 ‐12 dB- Laryngeal Adjustmento important control variable is glottal widtho adductory muscles increase resistance of laryngeal airway to contain higher subglottal pressures and reduce average glottal sizeo through combination of respiratory and laryngeal adjustment, vocal folds separate faster and wider, close faster, and stayed closed longer during vibratory cycleo optimizes conversion of aerodynamic energy into acoustic power- Supralaryngeal Adjustmento airway opens velum elevates mandible, tongue lower  mouth opening increaseso lowers radiation impedance of airway to effect more efficient energy transmission- Frequency—Intensity Relationshipo SPL ranges somewhat dependant on Foo reflects overlap of control parameterso at low Fo, hard to increase SPL as vocal folds need to remain slacko at high Fo, vocal fold are very tense, increase airflow resistance therefore need high subglottal pressures to maintain phonation, which in turn leads to greater SPL- Measuring Vocal Function o may categorize techniques in a number of wayso direct versus indirecto physiologic (acoustic, aerodynamic, kinematic, etc)o techniques differ in that they “look” at the mechanism at different - Measuring Vocal Function—Vocal Fold Visualizationo may observe vocal folds using a laryngeal mirroro “low tech” approacho small imageo limited speech possibilitieso difficult to see movement with naked eyeo may also observe vocal folds using a rigid laryngoscopeo “high tech” approacho larger imageo can attach camera and recordo imageo still limited speech possibilitieso still difficult to see movemento with naked eye- Vocal Fold Anomalies o Reinke’s edemao Vocal noduleso Laryngeal cancero