Measuring Articulatory Functionmay look at function on number of different levelsvisualization (direct or indirect) of articulator movementseffects of movements on aerodynamics or acousticsmuscle activationAerodynamicsmeasure flow rate, air pressure, etc, using pneumotachograph and pressure transducerindirect methodmay tell you what is being produced, but not necessarily howcan measure aerodynamics of different regions by placing sensors differentlyLateral Still X-raysingle shot image of vocal tract in sagittal planemay also be obtained in other views (planes)invasive, static, 2DVideoflouroscopymotion picture x‐rayuseful as it shows structures in motioncan make timing measurementsinvasive, 2DUltrasounduse high frequency sound waves to map position and movement of internal structureshas been used to visualize such things as longitudinal contour of tongue dorsummay also be used to transduce lateral pharyngeal wall movementPhototransductionapplied to VP mechanisminvolves detection of light passing through VP port as it opens and closesElectromyographycan be applied to any system controlled by muscle contractionused for study of facial (lip/jaw), soft palate musclestongue more difficult11Strain Gaugereliable standard for transducing structural movement, especially lip and jawallows tracking without loadingare devices that respond to the bend (deflection) of metal beams to which they are attachedNasometryacoustic measure based on relative distribution of sound energy emanating from mouth and nosehas been utilized to assess velopharyngeal functionEndoscopyflexible fiberscope passed through nasal passageallows direct visualization of nasal cavity and soft palate and pharyngeal wallsVelar Closure Forceto measure tightness of sealwhile phototransducer gives information from opening to contact, force bulb provides information after closure achievedElectromagnetic Articulometercan track fleshpoints inside and outside vocal tractbased on detection and quantification of magnetic fields induced in receiving coils by generating coilsElectropalatographyused to monitor timing and location of contact between the tongue and hard palate during speechCSD 3112 1st Edition Lecture 35Outline of Last Lecture I. Velopharyngeal/Nasal Functiona. VP-Nasal Airway Resistanceb. VP-Nasal Acoustic Impedancec. VP Closure Forcesd. VP Function during speeche. Movement Patternsi. Height variationII. Pharyngeal-Oral Functiona. Pharyngeal-Oral Lumen Size/Configurationb. Pharyngeal-Oral Airway Resistancec. Pressured. Oral Airflowe. Acoustic Impedancef. FunctionOutline of Current Lecture III. Measuring Articulatory Functiona. Aerodynamicsb. Lateral Still X-rayc. Videoflouroscopyd. Ultrasounde. Phototransductionf. Electromyographyg. Strain Gaugeh. Nasometryi. Endoscopyj. Velar Closure Forcek. Electromagnetic Articulometerl. ElectropalatographyCurrent Lecture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Measuring Articulatory Function- may look at function on number of different levelso visualization (direct or indirect) of articulator movementso effects of movements on aerodynamics or acousticso muscle activation Aerodynamics- measure flow rate, air pressure, etc, using pneumotachograph and pressure transducer- indirect methodo may tell you what is being produced, but not necessarily how- can measure aerodynamics of different regions by placing sensors differently # Lateral Still X-ray- single shot image of vocal tract in sagittal plane- may also be obtained in other views (planes)- invasive, static, 2D Videoflouroscopy- motion picture x‐ray- useful as it shows structures in motion- can make timing measurements- invasive, 2D Ultrasound- use high frequency sound waves to map position and movement of internal structures- has been used to visualize such things as longitudinal contour of tongue dorsum- may also be used to transduce lateral pharyngeal wall movement Phototransduction- applied to VP mechanism- involves detection of light passing through VP port as it opens and closes Electromyography- can be applied to any system controlled by muscle contraction- used for study of facial (lip/jaw), soft palate muscles- tongue more difficult #################11 Strain Gauge- reliable standard for transducing structural movement, especially lipand jaw- allows tracking without loading- are devices that respond to the bend (deflection) of metal beams to which they are attached Nasometry- acoustic measure based on relative distribution of sound energy emanating from mouth and nose- has been utilized to assess velopharyngeal function Endoscopy- flexible fiberscope passed through nasal passage- allows direct visualization of nasal cavity and soft palate and pharyngeal walls Velar Closure Force- to measure tightness of seal- while phototransducer gives information from opening to contact, force bulb provides information after closure achieved Electromagnetic Articulometer- can track fleshpoints inside and outside vocal tract- based on detection and quantification of magnetic fields induced in receiving coils by generating coils Electropalatography- used to monitor timing and location of contact between the tongue and hard palate during