PSY 12000 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last LectureThe Cognitive Revolution Cognition Cognitive Psychology Artificial Intelligence Thinking Forming Concepts Solving Problems Making Decisions and Reasoning Reflecting in a Critical or Creative Manner Outline of Current LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Thinking Critically Thinking Creatively III. IntelligenceIV. LanguageCurrent LectureThinking Critically Thinking reflectively and productively Evalutating evidence Cultivation of two mental habits Mindfelness Openmindedness- Thinking creativelyTo think about something in unusal ways Todevise unconventional solutions to problems Divergent thinking Producing many solutions to same problem Brainstorming Convergent thinking Producing single best solution to problem Creative thinkers do both. Characteristics Flexibility and playful thinking Inner motivation Willingness to face risksObjective evaluation Intelligence G-factor The single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence Fluid intelligence Crystallized intelligence Measuring intelligence Criteria for a good intelligence test Validity Reliailiby Standardization Devoloping uniform procedures for administering and scoring a testCreating norms- performance standard- for the test Intelligence tests IQ tests Mental age developed by Binet – individuals level of mental development relative to thatof others Normal distribution Symmetrical Bell curve Cultural bias Favor people from urban environments, middle economic status and white people Stanford-Binet Sample problems that should be answered correctly at particular ages Intelligence test construction Psychometric standards for intelligence testsThree key measurements concepts Reliability Validity Emotional Intelligence According to John Mayer and Peter Salovey, emotional intelligence involves the abilitiesto Read others’ emotions Respond to others emotions appropriately Motivate oneself Be aware of one’s own emotional responses Emotional intelligence include four branches Perceiving emotions Using emotions to facilitate thoughts Understanding emotionsManaging emotions Genetic influences on intelligence Heritablility Proportion of observable differences explained by genes Can change over time Environmental influences on intelligence Effect of education on intelligence evident in rapidly increasing IQ test scores around the world The word intelligence can apply to behaviors not only people Extremes of intelligence Giftedness High intelligence and or superior talent in a particular area Product of heredity and environmentIntellectual disability Condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ Difficulty adapting to everyday life Characteristics exhibited by age 18 Intellectual disability Organic intellectual disability- caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage Cultural familial- a mental deficit with no evidence of organic brain damage Levels of adaptive behaviors Conceptual skills Understanding or numbers money and time Social skills Interpersonal Practical skillsMultiple theories of intelligences Sternberg’s triarchic theory- intelligence comes in three forms Analytical- analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, contrast Creative- create, design Practical Howard Gardner’s frames of mind Believes that intelligence may be more broad Linguistics-use language well Logical-mathematical- the ability to reason mathematically and logically Visuospatial Musical- understand pitch Bodily kinesthetic- ability to control the body Interpersonal- understand other peopleIntrapersonal- understand yourself Naturalistic- ability to understand phenomena in the world IV. LanguageForm of communication whether spoken written or seen Basic properties of language Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Connection between language and thought has been of considerable interest to psychologists Is thought dependent on language or is language dependent on thought?Intellectual disability often but not always accompanied by reduced language proficiencyLanguage and thought not part of a single system Biological influences on language Biological evolution that occurred long before language emerged undeniably shaped humans into linguistic creatures Language universals- human came into the world prewired to learn language Strongest evidence Language and the brain- brain connects particular regions Environmental influences Language represents nothing more than chains of responses acquired through reinforcements Language is a complex learned skill Critical period- special time in a child’s life during which language must develop Biology and environment interact when children learn languagesLanguage development over the span of life Milestones Babbling Sorting through sounds for ones with meaning First words Two word statements For adults learning a new language requires special cognitive exercise Learning language the role of reinforcement and imitation Temporal lobe- speech comprehension Frontal lobe- production of speechCitationGulker, J. "Lecture 13." Purdue University. Class of 1950, West Lafayette, IN. 26 February, 2015. PSY 120
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