PSY 12000 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last LectureI. What is Learning? II. Types of Learning a. Classical Conditioning i. Ivan Pavlov ii. Classical Conditioning in Humans b. Operant Conditioning i. B.F. Skinner ii. Reinforcement Outline of Current LectureI. Reinforcement a.Positive Reinforcement b.Reinforcers c. Negative Reinforcement II. Principles of Reinforcement a. Generalization b. Discrimination c. Extinction III. Schedule of Reinforcement a.Continuous Reinforcement b.Partial Reinforcement IV. PunishmentV. Operant Conditioning: TimingVI. Applied Behavior Analysisa. Bandura’s Observational LearningCurrent LectureI. Reinforcement a. Positive reinforcement- - Presentation of something pleasant (adding) b. Reinforcers - Primary Reinforcer - Any stimuli that doesn’t require any learning to make it pleasurable:water, food - Secondary Reinforcer - Learned or conditioned stimuli that makes it pleasurable: Money c. Negative reinforcement - Termination of a stimulus which increases the probability of a response(subtraction) - Avoidance Learning- A particular response to avoid a stimulus all together - Learned Helplessness- An organism is forced into adverse conditions and becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent EncountersII. Principles of Reinforcement a. Generalization -Performing reinforced behavior in different situation b. Discrimination -Responding to signal that behavior will (or will not) be reinforced c. Extinction -Behavior no longer reinforced decreased in frequency III.Schedule of Reinforcement d. Continuous Reinforcement - A behavior is reinforced every time - Extinction will happen quickly e. Partial Reinforcement -Taught to expect reinforcement some of the time -Extinction takes longer to occur -Ratio (number of behaviors) vs. Interval (time elapse) -Fixed (predictable) vs. Variable (unpredictable) -Fixed Ratio- Schedule which reinforcement is given only after a specificnumber of responses made: gumball machine -Variable Ratio- Schedule of reinforcement occurring after varying number ofresponses rather than after a fixed number: gambling -Fixed interval- Schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low: exams - Variable Interval- A schedule by which the time between reinforcement vary around some average rather than being fixed - Examples: - Getting paid for every 20 puzzles solved: Fixed ratio - Studying for a class that has pop quizzes: variable interval - Slot machines are based on this schedule: variable ratio - Speed traps on highways: Variable interval - Getting the clothes out of the dry when it buzzes: fixed interval IV. Punishment- Punishment decreases the likely hood of behavior - Studies suggest reinforcement works better than punishment - Positive punishment- Presentation of something unpleasant (adding)- Negative punishment- Removal of something pleasant (subtracting) - Aggressive Punishment- Can act as a model for aggressive behavior. Lab experiments indicate that children learn aggressive behaviors by modeling adults doing aggressive behaviors. - Only temporarily changes behavior - Punishment is frequently ineffective when it is not delivered shortly after the undesired behavior or the individual is able to leave the setting in which the punishment is being given - Punishment can reduce the self-esteem of recipients unless the can understand thereasons of it - Punishment does not convey any information about what an alternative moreappropriate behavior might be V. Operant Conditioning: Timing o Immediate Vs. delayed reinforcement - Waiting for delayed but more highly valued reinforcers o Immediate vs delayedpunishment - Immediate more effective but delayed can have effect o Immediate reinforcement vsdelayed punishment ------------- Immediate consequences usually winVI. Applied Behavior Analysis- Also called behavior modification - Use of operant conditioning principle to change human behavior - All human behavior understood as being influenced by rewards and punishment a. Bandura’s Observational Learning - Also called imitation or modeling - Attention- Individual notices something in the environment - Retention- encodes information so it can be retrieved - Motor Reproduction- Copies actions of an individual in the environment - Reinforcement- reward increases likelihood of the activity will happen
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