Outline of Last LectureOutline of Current LectureCurrent LecturePSY 120 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. Thinking Critically II. Thinking Creatively III. Intelligence IV. Language Outline of Current Lecture I. DevelopmentCurrent Lecture I. DevelopmentThe pattern of continuity an change in human capabilitiesa. Naturei. A persons biological inheritance, genesii. Genetics1. Genetics not only provide the potential for particular behaviors or traits to emerge but also place limitations on the personb. Nurturei. Individuals environment and social experiencesii. Phenylketonuria1. Genetic condition which is an example of the role of environmental influences on genetic expressioniii. Resilience1. Persons abilities to recover from or adapt to difficult times2. Despite encountering adversity a person shows signs of positive functioningc. People can develop beyond what our genetic inheritance and our environment gives usd. Life themesused as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Developed through individuals efforts to experience life in optimal ways:1. Activities 2. Social relationshipse. Nature vs nurturei. Raising the issue of environmental causes of behavior vs hereditary causes of behaviorf. Psychologist today agree that both nature and nurture interact to procudespecific developmental patternsg. Behavioral genetics- looking in to the effects of nature and nurtureII. Domains of developmenta. Physical processesi. Involve changes in individuals biological natureb. Cognitive processesi. Changes in the functions of the brainc. Soiciemotional processesi. Changes in relationships with other people and emotionsd. Life periodsi. Childhood- birth to 10 yearsii. Adolescence 10-12e. Prenatal developmenti. Course of prenatal development 1. Zygote to fetus is divided into 3 periodsa. Germinal period is first two weeksi. Cell divisionsii. Attatchment to uterine wall2. Embryonic period weeks 3-8a. Intensified cell differentiationb. Development of support systemsc. Appearance of organs3. Fetal period months 2-9a. Development includes movement, organ functioning and weight gain4. Threats to fetusa. Teratogeni. Agent that cuase birth defectii. Chemical substances: nicotine heroin alcholiii. Certain illnesses: rubella, STDs, HIVb. Preterm infanti. Risk for developmental difficultiesf. Physical developmenti. ReflexesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Newborns come with genetically wired reflexes like sucking and coughingii. Motor and perceptual skills1. Depend on each other2. Environment experiences play a role in motor development3. Preferential looking techniquea. Giving an infant a choice of what object to look atiii. Although at birth an infant can make only jerky movements, limitedvoluntary movements, during the first year of life ability to move independently grows enormouslyiv. Vision1. An infants visions is initially limited to following objects with their eyes without being ablt to see detailsv. Senses1. Newborns faicial expressions tell us that they have a reasonably well developed sense of tastea. Newborns respond to touch and distinguish odorsb. Hearing is well developed as wellvi. Childhood1. Cephalocaudal principlea. Reflects the tendancy for development to proceesinahead to foot direction2. Proximodistal principlea. Development beginsvii. Brain1. Infancya. Branching of dendritesb. Myelination2. Childhooda. Increain synaptic connectionsb. Pruning of unused neural connectionsc. Rapid growth in frontal lobe areasg. Physical development in adolecensei. Changes focus on early development of the amygdala(involves emotion)ii. Later development of the prefrontal cortex (reasoning and decisionmaking)iii. The adolescent growth spurt can be seen by rapid increase in height by males and femaleiv. Female1. Oavries produce estrogen and progesterone the two femalesex hormones2. First menstral cycleThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.v. Male1. Testes secrete sex hormones like testosterone2. Deepening of the voice, body hairh. Adulthoodi. Peak in their early 20s1. Strength is the greatest 2. Reflex is the quickest ii. Many physical changes in 40s and 50s1. Gray hair2. Weight gain is common3. Sense organs become less sensitive4. Reactions are sloweri. Biological theories of agingi. Cellular clock theory1. Cells can divide a max of 100 times2. Older cells are less likely to divideii. Free radical theory1. People age because unstable uxygen molecules are producesiii. Hormonal stress theoryj. Health problems in adulthoodi. Human vells may have a built in limitii. After time cells stop dividingk. Aging and the braini. Hippocampus and olfactory bulb provided evidence of growing new brain cellsii. Keeping the brain engaged slows the decayiii. Lateralization- specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the otherl. Characteristics of agingi. 20s- physical sexual peak and perceptual and physicalii. 30s- physical starts to declineiii. 40s- muscles become weaker and less flexibleIII. Cognitive developmenta. How thought intelligence and language processes change as people matureb. Cognition- operation of thinking and also our cognitive skills and ablilitiesc. Piagets theory-i. Hemans use schema to make sense of their experience1. Schemaa. Mental concept framework to organize/interpret informationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Two processes responsible for how people use and adapt their schemes1. Assimilationa. Occurs when individuals incorporate new informationwith existing knowledge2. Accommodationa. Occurs when individuals adjust their schemas to newinformationiii. Sensorimotor stage1. Infants construct a knowledge of the world through sensory experience with motor activies2. Development of object permanencea. Crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot see,hear or touch itiv. Preoperational stage1. Lasts from approximately 2 to 7 years of agea. Beginning of limited symbolic thinkingb. Inability to preform operation or reversible mental representationsc. Egocentric and intuitive
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