PSY 120 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. The Nervous Systema. What is it?b. Characteristics of the Nervous Systemc. Electrochemical TransmissionsII. Nervous System Pathwaysa. Afferent Nervesb. Efferent Nervesc. Neural NetworksIII. Primary Nervous System Divisionsa. Central Nervous System (CNS)b. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)i. Somatic Nervous Systemii. Autonomic Nervous System1. Sympathetic Nervous System2. Parasympathetic Nervous SystemIV. Cellsa. Neurons b. Glial Cellsc. Structured. Neural ImpulseV. Synapses and Neurotransmittersa. What are they?b. Neurochemical MessengersVI. Studying the BrainOutline of Current Lecture I. Structures and Regions in the BrainThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Hindbrainb. ForebrainII. Endocrine SystemIII. Brain Damage, Plasticity, and Repaira. Repairb. Genetic and BehaviourIV. Study of Geneticsa. Polygeneticsb. Molecular Geneticsc. Behaviour GeneticsV. Chromosomal Abnormalities Current LectureChapter 2: The Brain and BehaviorI. Structures and Regions in the Brain (It would be best to look at the pictures in the textbook to fully understand this section)a. Hindbrain-It is adjacent to the top part of spinal cord and contains parts including: Medulla- controls breathing, heartrate, and regulates reflexesCerebellum- controls motor coordinationPons- controls sleep and arousalBrainstem- connects the cerebellum and the spinal cordMidbrain- rises above the hindbrain and is involved with stereotyped patterns of behavior such as walking and sleeping b. Forebrain-It is the uppermost region of the brain which contains the: Limbic system which deals with memory and emotionAmygdala which deals with discrimination of objects for survival, such as finding mates, and anger.Hippocampus which has a special role in storing of memories, and ifit is damaged this can't retain memories. Thalamus which serves as a relay station for informationBasal Ganglia which works with cerebellum and cerebral cortex tocontrol and coordinate voluntary movementsHypothalamus which monitors eating, drinking, sex, emotional stress, and reward. It also helps direct endocrine system, is the regulator of the body's internal state, and is involved in pleasurable feeling.Cerebral Cortex which is where the lobes are located in the outer most layer. Occipital Lobes which is involved in responding to visual stimuli.Temporal Lobes which deal with hearing, language processing, and memoryFrontal Lobes which is located behind the forehead and controls personality, intelligence and control of voluntary muscles.Parietal Lobes which register the spatial location, attention, and motor controlSomatosensory Lobe which collects information such as touch, temperature and pain.Motor Cortex which deals with planning, control, and voluntary movementAssociation Cortex which is the part of the brain that integrates information Cerebral Hemispheres which contain the: Corpus Callosum which is a large bundle of axons connecting brains two hemispheres and relays information between the sides of the brain Left Hemisphere which receives information from the right side of thebody and deals with language processing such as speech and grammar Right Hemisphere which receives information from left side of the body and deals with spatial perception, visual recognition, and emotion II. Endocrine system It is a set of glands that regulate activities of certain organs and contains:Hypothalamus-It controls pituitary glands, growth and regulates other glands Pituitary Gland-It controls thyroid and parathyriod which control metabolic rate Adrenal Gland-It regulates mood, energy level, and ability to cope with stress. Pancreas Gland-It preforms digestive and endocrine functions. Ovaries and testes-They produce hormones related to sexual development and reproduction.III. Brain Damage, Plasticity, and Repair A young child's brain has more plasticity but doesn't have as much development in other areas so the myth that children’s brains are more likely to recover from damage isn’t completely truea. Repair-Collateral Sprouting- Neurons adjacent to damaged cells grow new branches Substitution of Function- The damaged region's function is taken over by another brain area Neurogenesis-New neurons are generatedb. Genetic and Behaviours- Chromosomes- They are threadlike structures containing DNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- Is a complex molecule that carries genetic information Genes Are units of hereditary information Genome A complete set of genetic instructions for making an organism Human Genome Project Is the influence of multiple genes on behaviourIV. Study of Genetics Dominant-Recessive genes principle- The dominant gene overrides the recessive a. Polygenetics Dominant gene- If a gene in the pair received by mother and father is dominant the characteristic that is in control will be displayed Recessive gene- If a gene received from one characteristic it will not show up unless the partner gene is also recessive Polygenic effects- When a number of gene pairs combine their influences to create a single phenotypic trait this is known as a polygenic transmission b. Molecular geneticsThe manipulation of genes using technology to determine their effects on behaviour. Selective Breeding- The genetic method used to demonstrate the importance of genetic influence on behaviour.For instance if they were brought up in an impoverished or wealthy environment Heredity- The transfer of characteristics from parent to offspring. Interaction of Nature- Considering an individual's innate qualities in determining individual differences in physical and behavioural traits. Nurture- Considering environmental causes and personal experiences inthe determination of physical and behavioural traits including the influence of parents, siblings, family, friends, schooling, nutrition, and all other experiences a child has been exposed to.c. Behaviour GeneticsThe study of degree and nature of heredity's influence on behaviour Twin Studies (identical twins vs fraternal twins)- Genotype-One’s genetic heritage Phenotype-One’s observable characteristics which are influenced by genotype. V. Chromosomal Abnormalities Down syndrome-Presence of a partial or full copy of Chromosome 21 and can cause growth delays among other
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