PSY 12000 1st EditionLecture 8Outline of Last LectureConsciousness Theory of the Mind III. Levels of AwarenessIV. Biological RhythmsLevels of Wakefulness and Sleep VI. Sleep and the BrainVII. HypnosisVIII. MeditationOutline of Current LectureWhat is Learning?Types of Learning Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning in Humans Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner ReinforcementThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is bestused as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current LectureWhat is Learning? Learning is a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. Behaviorism is a theory of learning that focuses solely on the observable behaviors and discounts importance of mental activities such as thinking, wishing, and hoping. Types of Learning- Associative learning and conditioning Classical conditioning Explains involuntary Behaviors Ivan Pavlov- Russian physiologist, never intended to do psychological research Won the Nobel prize for his work on digestion (1904) Remembered for his experiments on basic learning process, not for his experiments onphysiology Developed the principles of classical conditioningReflex- automatic, without prior learning Unconditioned stimulus- a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned Unconditioned Response- a response that is natural and needs no training Learning- association after pairing of stimuli Conditioned stimulus- A once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditional stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response- a response that is trained and brought on by a stimulus Acquisition- learning of connection between UCS and CS Continguity -> UCS and CS close in time Contingency -> CS as reliable indicator of US Generalization- Stimulus similar to CS elicits response similar to CR Discrimination- Process of learning to respond only to some stimuli Extinction- Weakening of CR when UCS is absentSpontaneous Recovery- Recurrence of CR after time delay, without further conditioningStages- Acquisition-> extinction-> pause->Spontaneous Recovery Classical Conditioning in Humans- Explaining and eliminating fears Watson and Rayner: Little Albert Breaking habits Counterconditioning- repeated pairings of a stimulus with a positive stimulus Aversive conditioning- repeated pairings of a stimulus with a negative stimulus Explaining pleasant/unpleasant emotions Placebo effect Immune and Endocrine Systems ImmunosuppressionDrug Habituation Taste Aversion Learning Conditioned Taste Aversion Biological Preparedness- Organisms that ingest unpalatable foods are likely to avoid similar foods in the future, making their survival more likely Operant conditioning Explains Voluntary behaviors i. B.F. Skinner Consequences change probability of behavior Operant = behavior Consequences contingent on behavior Says the first time you do something its spontaneous after that it is because operant conditioning Thorndike’s law of EffectPositive outcomes strengthen behaviorNegative outcomes weaken behavior The Skinner Box Chamber with a highly controlled environment used to study operant conditioning processes with lab animals ShapingRewarding approximations of desired behaviors Reinforcement The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated Positive- Presentation of something desirableThe term reward is often misused as a synonym for the term positive reinforcer. Behaviorists prefer positive reinforcer because it focuses on how consequences effect behavior CitationGulker, J. "Lecture 8." Purdue University. Class of 1950, West Lafayette, IN. 10 February, 2015. PSY 120
View Full Document
Unlocking...