These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I. Personality II. Psychodynamic Perspective III. Structures of Personality IV. Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development V. Psychodynamic Perspectives VI. Humanistic Perspectives VII. Trait Perspectives Outline of Current Lecture I. Five Factor Model II. Trait Perspective III. Personological Approach IV. Life Story Approach V. Social Cognitive Perspectives VI. Biological Perspectives VII. Personality Assessment Current Lecture I. Five Factor Model a. Evidence of five factors of personality in different cultures and animals b. Strong relationship between personality traits and well-being c. Extraversion have higher levels of wellbeing while neuroticism have lower levels d. Subjective wellbeing is a person’s assessment of their own life e. Traits are enduring characteristics f. States are briefer experiences such as mood II. Trait Perspectives a. Practical value of personality traits b. Connections between personality traits and health ways of thinking career success and relations with others c. Criticisms i. Missing the importance of situational factors ii. Painting personality with very broad strokes PSY 120 1st EditionIII. Personological Approach a. Henry Murray b. Study of the whole person and the history of the organism is the organism c. Analysis of Hitler was the first “offender profile” d. Thematic Apperception Test(tat) i. Measure of motives that are largely unknown IV. Life Story Approach a. Dan McAdams i. Our life stories are our identities ii. Life story interviews 1. Coded for themes relevant to life stages and transitions iii. Intimacy motive 1. Enduring concern for warm interpersonal encounters b. Psychobiographical inquiries i. More prone to biases ii. May not serve scientific goal of generalizability V. Social Cognitive Perspective a. Emphasize conscious awareness beliefs expectations and goals b. Incorporates principles from behaviorism c. Explore the ability to reason, think about past self d. Banduras social cognitive theory i. Reciprocal determinism 1. Interaction of behavior environment and person or cognitive factors to create personality ii. Observational learning iii. Personal control 1. Internal locus of control 2. External locus of control iv. Self-efficacy 1. Belier that one can master situations and produce positive change v. Social learning theory 1. We observe others and produce behaviors that we see others doing 2. Attention->Retention->reproduction->motivation e. Mischel’s contribution i. Critique of consistency in behavior 1. No evidence of cross situational consistency 2. Situationalisma. Personality and behavior vary from one context to another ii. CAPS (Cognittive Affective Processing Systems) theory 1. Thoughts and wmotions about self/world affect behavior 2. Concerned with how personality works not with what it is f. Criticisms i. Concerned with changes and situational influences ii. Ignores role of biology in personality iii. Makes generalisms VI. Biological perspectives a. Hippocrates i. Personality based on bodily fluids or humours b. Freud i. Connection between the ind and body c. Allport i. Traits as neuropsychic personality as psychophysical d. Murray i. No brain no personality e. Eysenck’s RAS Theory i. Reticual activating system 1. Located in the brain stem 2. Plays tole in wakefulness or arousal ii. Eysenck’s theory 1. All share optimal arousal level 2. Ras of extraverts and introverts may deiffer in baseline levels of arousal f. Grays Reinforcement sensititity i. Behavior activation system 1. Senstitive to rewards 2. Predispotition to positive emotion 3. Underlies extraversion ii. Behavioral inhibition system 1. Sensitive to punishments 2. Predisposition to fear 3. Underlies neuroticism iii. Role of Neurotransmitters 1. Dopamine a. Functions in experience of reward b. Fator in BAS or extraversion2. Seratonin a. Related to neuroticism b. Less serotonin -> nore negative mood c. Inhibition of serotonin reuptake i. Decreases negative mood ii. Enhances feeling of sociability iv. Behavior genetics 1. Study of inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics 2. Twin studies a. Genetic factors explain difference in big five traits 3. Role of genetic factors very complex 4. Trains influenced by multiple genes 5. Genes and environments intertwined g. Tie personality to animal learning models advances in brain imaging and evolutionary theory h. Cautions are biology can be effect not cause of personality i. Issue of whether personality can change throughout life VII. Personality Assessment a. Rigorous methods for measuring mental processes b. Assess personality for different reasons c. Self-report tests i. Directly ask people whether different items describe their personality traits ii. Social desirability 1. Motivates individuals to respond in ways that make them look better iii. To address social desirability 1. Give questionnaire designed to tap into tendency 2. Design scales so it is impossible to tell what is being measured 3. Use empirically keyed test to distinguish known groups d. MMPI i. Most widely used and researched empirically keyed self report personality test ii. Used to assess personality and predict outcomes e. Projective tests i. Present indivuals with ambiguous stimulus ii. Ask them to describe it or tell a story about it iii. Especially designed to elicit unconscious feelings and conflictsiv. Rorschach inkblot test v. Thematic Apperception test f. Measuring behavior directly g. Cognitive assessments h. Friend or peer ratings i. Psychophysiological measures Citation Ionn, Nicole. "Lecture 18." Purdue University. Class of 1950, West Lafayette, IN. 24 March, 2015. PSY 120
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