1 1 Memory Chapter 8 Psy 12000.003 Memento (2000) 2 The Phenomenon of Memory Memory is any indication that learning has persisted over time. It is our ability to store and retrieve information. What are typical indications? Memorizing Pi • http://www.yourdailymedia.com/media/1162388377/Pi_Freak 3 Daniel Tammett: Pi to 22,500 decimals 4 Memory Memory is the basis for knowing your friends, your neighbors, the English language, the national anthem, and yourself. If memory was nonexistent, everyone would be a stranger to you; every language foreign; every task new; and even you yourself would be a stranger. 5 What Would Life Be Like Without Memory? The case of Clive Wearing, Pts. I & II http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDNDRDJy-vo 6 Flashbulb Memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear, strong, and persistent memory called flashbulb memory. However, this memory is not free from errors. President Bush being told of 9/11 attack. Ruters/ Corbis2 7 Stages of Memory Keyboard (Encoding) Disk (Storage) Monitor (Retrieval) Sequential Process 8 Information Processing The Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes a) sensory memory, b) short-term memory, and c) long-term memory. Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/ Corbis 9 Problems with the Model Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically. Because we cannot focus all the sensory information in the environment, we select information (through attention) that is important to us. The nature of short-term memory is more complex. 10 Working Memory Alan Baddeley (2002) proposes that working memory contains auditory and visual processing controlled by the central executive through an episodic buffer. 12311 Encoding: Getting Information In How We Encode Some information (where the dairy section is in the grocery store) is automatically processed. However, new or unusual information (friend’s new cell-phone number) requires attention and effort. 12 Automatic Processing We process an enormous amount of information effortlessly, such as the following: Space: While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page. Time: We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day. Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you.3 13 Effortful Processing Committing novel information to memory requires effort just like learning a concept from a textbook. Such processing leads to durable and accessible memories. Spencer Grant/ Photo Edit © Bananastock/ Alamy 14 Rehearsal Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition. Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) http://www.isbn3-540-21358-9.de 15 Rehearsal The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions were required to remember them on Day 2. 16 Spacing Effect Distributing rehearsal (spacing effect) is better than practicing all at once (massed practice). Robert Frost’s poem could be memorized with fair ease if spread over time. ACQUAINTED WITH THE NIGHT Robert Frost I have been one acquainted with the night. I have walked out in rain — and back in rain. I have outwalked the furthest city light. … … 17 Serial Position Effect 1. TUV 2. ZOF 3. GEK 4. WAV 5. XOZ 6. TIK 7. FUT 8. WIB 9. SAR 10. POZ 11. REY 12. GIJ Better recall Better recall Poor recall Primacy effect Recency effect 18 Memory Effects Next-in-line-Effect: When you are so anxious about being next that you cannot remember what the person just before you in line says, but you can recall what other people well before or after you say.4 19 What We Encode Encoding by meaning Encoding by images Encoding by organization 20 Encoding Meaning Q: Did the word begin with a capital letter? Structural Encoding Q: Did the word rhyme with the word “weight”? Q: Would the word fit in the sentence? He met a __________ in the street. Phonemic Encoding Semantic Encoding “Whale” Craik and Lockhart (1972) Intermediate Deep Shallow 21 Results 22 Visual Encoding Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it. Both photos: Ho/AP Photo 23 Mnemonics Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery in aiding memory. 1. Method of Loci 2. Link Method 24 Method of Loci List of Items Charcoal Pens Bed Sheets Hammer . . . Rug Imagined Locations Backyard Study Bedroom Garage . . . Living Room5 25 Link Method Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together. List of Items Newspaper Shaving cream Pen Umbrella . . . Lamp http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NROegsMqNc 26 Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories. Organizing Information for Encoding 1. Chunking 2. Hierarchy 27 Chunking Organizing items into a familiar, manageable unit. Try to remember the numbers below. 1-7-7-6-1-4-9-2-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 If you are well versed with American history, chunk the numbers together and see if you can recall them better. 1776 1492 1812 1941. 28 Hierarchy Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories. 29 Chunking Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it (these are also mnemonics). HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior PEMDAS = Parentheses, Exponent, Multiply, Divide, Add, Subtract ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet OCEAN = Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (also CANOE) 30 Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy6 31 Storage: Retaining Information Storage is at the heart of memory. Three stores of memory are shown below: Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding Retrieval Encoding Events Retrieval 32 Sensory Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding Retrieval Encoding Events Retrieval 33 Whole Report The exposure time for the stimulus is so small that items cannot be rehearsed. R G T
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