PSY 12000 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last LectureMemory: Organization Memory: Location III. Memory: RetrievalIV. ForgettingOutline of Current LectureThe Cognitive Revolution Cognition Cognitive Psychology Artificial Intelligence These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Thinking Forming Concepts Solving Problems Making Decisions and Reasoning Reflecting in a Critical or Creative Manner Current LectureThe Cognition Revolution Cognition The way in which information is processed through thoughts, senses and experience Cognitive Psychology Approaches seeking to explain observable behavior be investigating mental processes and structures that cannot be directly observedInputs= senses Output= actions Artificial Intelligence Focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people Especially helpful in tasks requiring speed, persistence and a vast memory Thinking a. Manipulating Information mentally by: Forming concepts Mental categories used to group objects events and characteristics They are important because they allow for generalization, association of experiences and objects, aid memory and provides clues about how to react to particular object or experience Enable us to organize complex phenomena into simpler and therefore more easily usable cognitive categories The structure of concepts can be explained by the prototype modelPrototype- typical, very representative examples of a concept High agreement exists among people in a particular culture about which examples of a concept are prototypes, as well as which examples are notSolving problems Finding an appropriate way to attain a goal which is not readily available Process: Find and frame problems Develop good problem solving strategies Subgoaling Creating sub-goals for your main goals Algorithms Guaranteed resultSomething that if engaged in will allow the solution to be solved with very descriptive detain Heuristics Is a rule of thumb General idea to solve a problem Evaluate solutions Rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time Obstacles to problem solving Fixation Using prior strategy and failing to look at the problem from a new prospective Functional fixedness Failure to solve problem due to fixedness on usual function of something Effective problem solving necessitates trying something new Making Decisions and ReasoningReasoning Mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusion Inductive reasoning Reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations Deductive reasoning Reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance Decision making Evaluation alternatives and choosing among them Two systems of reasoning and decision making Automatic Involves processing that is rapid, heuristic and intuitive Entails following ones hunches or gut feelingsControlled Involves conscious reflection about an issue Is slower, effortful, and analytical Biases in decision making Confirmation bias Tendency to search for and use information that supports ideas rather than refutes themHindsight bias Tendency to report falsely after the fact that an outcome was accurately predicted Heuristics in Decision making Availability heuristic Prediction about possibility of events based on recalling or imagining similar eventsBase rate fallacy- Tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid informationObservational Heuristic- Tendency to make judgments about group membership based on match to group stereotype Reflecting in a critical or creative manner CitationGulker, J. "Lecture 12." Purdue University. Class of 1950, West Lafayette, IN. 24 February, 2015. PSY 120
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