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Purdue PSY 12000 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 5-9 In class the professor told us the study guide on Blackboard was made based off of the exam. The following is the study guide provided by our professor on Blackboard with information from our text book added to enhance the study guide. Exam 2 – Study Guide This is not an exhaustive list of the material covered. You will be responsible for all material covered in lecture and in the textbook. Chapter 5 1. What are the principles of behaviorism? Behaviorism is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors discounting the importance of such mental activities as thinking wishing and hoping. It says the principles of learning are the same in animals and humans. Principles of behaviorism/learning- Associating learning- Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection or an association between two events Observational learning- Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another’s behaviors 2. Understand the purpose and function of classical conditioning + all of its components Organisms learn the association between two stimuli. a. Unconditioned stimulus (US)- Stimulus that produces a response without prior learning b. Unconditioned response (UR)- An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditional stimulus c. Conditioned stimulus (CS)- A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus d. Conditioned response (CR)- Learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus- unconditioned stimulus pairing e. Neutral stimulus- A stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention f. Drug habituation- The decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations g. Contingency- The conditioned stimulus must not only precede the unconditioned stimulus closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus I on its way h. Generalization- The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response PSY 120 1st Editioni. Discrimination -Process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others 3. Understand the purpose and function of operant conditioning + all of its components Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence such as a reward. a. Principles of reinforcement i. Positive reinforcement- Presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior ii. Negative reinforcement- The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior b. Schedules of reinforcement i. Continuous reinforcement- When a behavior is reinforces every time. The extinction of the behavior will happen very quickly after reinforcement is stopped ii. Partial reinforcement 1. Fixed-ratio- Schedule which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses made: gumball machine 2. Variable-ratio- Schedule of reinforcement occurring after varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number: gambling 3. Fixed-interval- Schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low: exams 4. Variable-interval- A schedule by which the time between reinforcement vary around some average rather than being fixed c. Punishment i. Positive punishment- Presentation of something unpleasant (adding) ii. Negative punishment- Removal of something pleasant (subtracting) 4. What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect state? Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened 5. Understand the four processes of observational learning a. Attention- Individual notices something in the environment b. Retention- encodes information so that it can be retrieved later c. Motor reproduction- copies the actions of an individual in the environment d. Reinforcement- reward increases likelihood of the activity will happen again Chapter 6 1. Understand the processes involved in encoding a. Attention- To begin memory encoding one must pay attention to information in the environment. There are different levels of attention: Selective attention- Focusing on specific aspects and limiting the brain’s resources Divided attention- Attending to several things simultaneously Multitasking- doing many things at onceSustained attention- Attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time b. Levels of processing- A continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep with deeper processing producing better memory c. Elaboration- The formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding d. Imagery- One of the most powerful ways to make memories distinctive by using mental imagery to visualize material in way to create a lasting portrait. 2. What is the dual-code hypothesis? It claims that memory for picture is better than memory for words becase pictures are stored as both image codes and verbal codes. 3. What is Atkinson’s and Shiffrin’s theory of memory? Theory stating that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long term memory. 4. Be able to define and apply the following memory types a. Working memory- Combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they preform cognitive tasks; a kind of mental workbench on which the brain manipulates and assembles information to guide understanding, decision making, and problem solving b. Explicit memory (declarative memory)- Conscious recollection of information such as specific facts or events and at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated i. Episodic memory-the retention of information about the where, when and what of life’s happenings. That is how individuals remember life’s episodes. ii. Semantic memory- a person’s knowledge about the world. c. Implicit Memory- Memory in which a behavior is affected by prior experience with our a conscious recollection of the experience i. Procedural memory- memory for skills 5. What is a script? A schema for


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Purdue PSY 12000 - Exam 2 Study Guide

Type: Study Guide
Pages: 9
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