Outline of Last LectureOutline of Current LectureCurrent LecturePSY 120 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. Learning a. Tolmanb. Cognitive Factors in Learning c. Biological Constraints in Learning d. Cultural Influences in Learning e. Psychological Constraints in Learning II. What is Memory a. Definition b. Processes i Encoding ii Attention iii Levels of Processing iv Storage 1 Sensory Memory 2 Short term Memory 3 Working Memory 4 Long term Memory c. Bandura’s Observational Learning Outline of Current Lecture I. Memory: OrganizationII. Memory: LocationIII. Memory: RetrievalIV. ForgettingThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current Lecture I. Memory: Organizationa. Schemai. Preexisting mental concept to organizing and interpret informationb. Scripti. Schema for an eventc. Connectionism (parallel distributed processingi. Memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neuronsII. Memory: Locationa. Neuronsi. Memory located in specific circuits of neuronsii. Neurotransmitters play a role in forging connections in memoryiii. Long term potentiation1. Simultaneous activation of neurons strengthens memoryiv. Brain structures1. Explicit memorya. Hippocampus, temporal lobes, limbic system (amygdala2. Implicit Memorya. Cerebellum,III. Memory: Retrievala. When information retained in memory comes out of storageb. Serial position effecti. Tendency to recall items at beginning and ends of listsii. Primacy effect1. Better recall for items at beginning of listiii. Recency effect1. Better recall for items at end of listc. Factorsi. Retrieval cuesii. Retrieval taskd. Recalli. Memory task to retrieve previously learned informatione. Recognitioni. Matching information with stored informationf. Encoding specificity principlei. Information present at time of learning tends to be effective as retrieval cuesii. Memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval math those that were present during encodingg. Context dependent memoryi. Remembering better when attempting to recall information in same context inwhich it was learnedh. Autobiographical memoriesi. Special form of episodic memory containing recollections of own life experiencesi. Flashbulb memoryi. Emotionally significant eventsii. Recalled with vivid imageryj. Memory for traumatic eventsi. May contain inaccuraciesk. Repressed memoriesi. Defense mechanism by which person, traumatized by an event, forgets it – and then forgets act of forgettingii. May be special case of motivated forgettingiii. Eyewitness testimony1. May contains errors2. Memory for emotional events3. Focus on :a. Distortionb. Bias c. Inaccuracy4. ForgettingIV. Forgettingi. Encoding failure1. Not forgotten but never encoded2. Information never entered long term memoryii. Retrieval failure1. Forgotten informationiii. Forgetting: interference1. Forgetting because other information gets in way of remembering2. Proactive interferencea. Material learned earlier disrupts retrieval of material learned later3. Retroactive interferencea. Material learned later disrupts retrieval of material learned earlieriv. Decay1. Neurochemical memory ‘trace’ disintegrates over time2. Cannot, alone, explain forgettingv. Tip of the tongue phenomenon (TOT state)1. Confident of knowing something but unable to retrieve if from memoryvi. Prospective Memory1. Event based prospective memorya. Intention to engage in behavior when some external event elicits itvii. Amnesia1. Loss of memory2. Anterograde amnesiaa. Disorder that affects retention of new information3. Retrograde amnesiaa. Memory loss for a segment of past, but not for new eventsCitation Gulker, J. "Lecture 11." Purdue University. Class of 1950, West Lafayette, IN. 19 February, 2015. PSY 120
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