HDFS 105 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture II. Research with infants III. Research with preschool-aged children IV. Parent reportsV.Conclusion Outline of Current Lecture I. ReviewCurrent LectureI. Development –Growth, Maturation, LearningII. Developmental Domains – Physical (changes in the body), Cognitive (changes in mental activities-problem solving, language, etc), Psycho-social (personality, emotions, ability to have relationships as you grow) III. Developmental Theorists – Piaget (learning/cognitive: mental abilities are combined results from enivironment and interactions), Erikson (psychosocial development: personality develops across universal stages) Vygotsky (SOCIAL interactions are linked to cognitive development) IV. Know the stages of development – infancyV. Know Freud (PSYCHOSEXUAL) as psychoanaylitic theorist. No need to know stages.VI. Nature vs. Nuture = Environment vs. Heredity controversyVII. Research methods –Longitudinal (over course of many years), Cross Sectional (different age groups), Case Study (long term study of just one person), Experimental (manipulation of variables to find a cause), Social Survey, Naturalistic Observation (observe without interactions), Cross Cultural (comparing two cultures)VIII. Age cohorts – Adolescence defined in late 19th century in the US (everyone in my age range/society). Age is a reference point in all cultures! IX. Normative age graded influenced (relationship to your chronological age), normative history graded influences (unique for each age cohort- ex. WWII, 9/11), non-normative lifeevents (significant only to you as an individual- ex. House caught on fire, death of a parent of the child)X. Conception and Prenatal terms defined in lecture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XI. Amniocentesis (prenatal procedure where sample of amniotic fluid is drawn through a needle to test for present birth defects), Ultrasound (high frequency sound wave translated into an image- not invasive for fetus)XII. Stages of prenatal growth – Germinal (growth of zygote, mytosis begins, 10 days-2weeks) ,Embryonic (rapid growth and cell division, early appearance of organs), Fetal (longest, 9th week-9 month, major organs continue to develop, brain development), what happens in each stageXIII. Fallopian tube sperm fertilizes egg hereXIV. Stages of Birth Process – Labor (muscles physically contracting), Birth (head passes cervix until fully out), Afterbirth XV. Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal development of the fetusXVI. Apgar scoring system (body color, heart rate, muscle tone, reflexes), (Brazelton also has a scale, but know the Apgar criteria)XVII. Midwife (healthcare professional help delivery and postpartum period at home), Doula, LeBoyer (humane childbirth practice- feel warm, cold, pain, trauma), Caesarean section (If moms pelvic canal is too small, or umbilical cord is wrapped around baby, or difficult position) XVIII. Infancy (1st two years of life) – Neonatal period – (after birth; same as postnatal) prenatal= before birth XIX. Wolff’s states of consciousness (sleep, drousinesssleepy baby, alert awake but quiet and comfortably looking around, crying most active state) XX. Sensation (reception of info. by sensory organs-smell, touch) and Perception (what your brain does with the info your brain took in- withdrawing your hand from something hot)- know the difference! XXI. Object Permanence (understanding that even though cant see it, something continues to exist) –baby will cry when parent leaves because knows parent is there still XXII. Piaget (1st stage: sensorimotor period- reflexes; coordination of motor actvities and perception) and Erikson’s stages of infancy (trust vs. mistrust) baby learns she will receive respond from caregiver- cries so caregiver will come. Also, she can elicit that respond no attachment relationship. Piaget – assimilation and accommodation definitionsXXIII. Vigotsky: learn faster through interactions with parents with encouragements/toys XXIV. Reflexes in infancy – Moro (startled reflex), stepping (if held upright, will do walking movement), swimming (baby will look like its swimming if in water), Babinski (spread toes if tickled), sucking (baby will suck if something is put in mouth), rooting (if cheek is brushed, will turn his head that way), grasping (grasp if something is put in palm) XXV. Language development – acquisition, function, infant directed speech- parentese (good for babies when we exaggerate pitch and tone) Bilingualism – best time to learn – early childhoodXXVI. Toddler speech – telegraphic (nouns and verbs only) – language of 2 year oldsXXVII. Breast feeding – benefits, research on link with intelligenceXXVIII. Noam Chomsky’s research- inborn language acquisition device human brain is equipped to detect features and rules of language XXIX. Emotional development – Temperament – 3 types (easy, difficult, slow to warm up), AttachmentXXX. Abuse (non accidental physical) and Neglect (absence of physical care)– know the difference. Depressed mothers – absent role models – affects cognitive, language, emotional devel.XXXI. Visual cliff experiments and depth perception, Social Referencing (happy mom = baby crawled over) XXXII. Father’s role in child development – changes over time – fathers now more