HDFS 105 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1 (January 21)Introduction to Human Development Identify and describe theories of development and the people who are associated with each. Theory:- A systematic set of accepted assumptions or principals that explain certain events. It organizes observations in a meaningful way and guides further research. Major domains of development: - BiologicaloGrowth: increase in size that occurs with age oMaturation: automatic biological changes that occur. This happens in a set, irreversible sequenceAbility to crawl, then walkGetting teethYoung women beginning menstruation- CognitiveoLearning: changes in behavior and thought as a result of environmental influencesBalancing a check bookLearning a second language Finding this class on the first day - Socio-Emotional oRelationships: changes in emotion or personality, affects interactions and feelingsAffection we feel for othersToddlers’ aggressive behaviorInfants’ smiling at parentsTheories of development: -Psychoanalytic/psychosocial theoryA.Sigmund Freud B.Erik Erikson C.How and why?i.Personality develops across universal stagesii.At each stage person confronts developmental taskiii.A “normal” personality depends on success in traversing each stage-Learning theoriesD.Pavlov E.Principals of classical conditioningi.Behavior Is learnedii.Learning involves series of stimuli and responsesiii.There are unconditional and conditional stimuli and responses-Cognitive theoryF.Jean PiagetIndividuals’ mental abilities-Ethological theory (sociobiology) G.Konrad Lorenz and Edward Wilson H.Behavior is a product of evolution and is biologically determined I.We are preprogrammed!-Sociocultural TheoryJ.Lev VygotskyK.Focuses on guidance and structure provided by larger social contextL.Guided participationM.Zone of proximal development-Ecological PerspectiveN.Uri BrofenbrennerO.Individuals’ develop within a system of relationships or contextsi.Microsystemii.Mesosystemiii.Exosystemiv.Macrosystemv.Chronosystem (your life, transitions, history)-Life-span PerspectiveP.Ways to view developmenti.Lifelongii.Multidimensional (biological, socio-emotional, cognitive)iii.Multidirectional (important issues change as we age)iv.Plastic (capacity for change)v.Multidisciplinary (all areas of social science are interrelatedvi.Contextual Lecture 2 (January 26) What are the research methods used for Human Development? What are the pros and cons of the research methods? -Longitudinal Study-Study people for a period of years (same group of people) -Problems:oTakes too long to get results oHigh cost of sustained researchoPeople miss appointments, dropouts oPeople left may be a biased sampleoSubjects may become "test-wise"oMajor social/political event may happen- may change the data (war) Cross-Sectional Study-Study a variety of ages to get an idea of what will likely happen over time-Advantages over longitudinal studyoLess time to complete to studyoMost of the problems w/ longitudinal studies disappear (time, cost, drop-outs)-ProblemsoParticipants are not really the same oIt requires more participants oCohort Effect-One of the age groups may have been through something to make them different (war, depression, political event) Case Study-Long term study of one person-Advantage: details, insights -Disadvantages: relevance to only that person, cannot be used to predict development of others Experimental Method-Manipulation of variables to find a cause-Dependent variable- what happened-Independent variable- what caused the effect-Control group-Ex. Medical experiment -ProblemsoPeople behave differently in experimental situations, especially childrenoWith people, 1 cant control all of the variables Naturalistic Observation-Watch and record behavior without interference in the environment -Advantage- people behave normally -DisadvantagesoCan't control variables, test cause and effectoObservers use different techniques for recording observations. Are they equal?oObservers disagree about what they sawSocial Survey-Study large groups, often with questionnaires or phone polling-Used often by sociologists -Used in political polls-Advantage- large numbers of people can be use in a study -ProblemsoRespondents may not give truthful statementsoYou may get a biased response sample (ex. Only middle-class people) oValidity problems with children (need to feel comfortable) Cross-Cultural Study-Helps determine what is dependent on culture-Compares data b/w cultures, countries, or societies -Helps us see our own cultural biases-ProblemsoInterpreting findings oEx. Study showed Mexican children shared better BUT b/c those kids were from rural settings. US kids were from urban settings. Ethnography-Field research that uses naturalistic observation to document a particular context-Goal- to grasp human development from a culture's point of view-Why? Development is bound to particular contexts in cultural life --> Ethical Standards for Research -Responsible for welfare of subjectsoRisksoBenefitsoInformed consentoConfidentialityoDeceptionLecture 3 (January 28) What occurs during prenatal development? What are the three periods of prenatal development? Describe the process of human reproduction. What are some complications that may occur during fertilization? What are some methods of birth control? How are birth defects detected? Reproduction-Two kinds of cells oMale gamete- spermoFemale gamete- egg-Fuse to form a zygote (fertilized egg) Male reproductive system-Pair of testes lay inside scrotum-Testes produce sperm and androgens -Androgens are male sex hormones Female Reproductive System-Ovaries produce mature ova (eggs)-Also estrogen and progesterone (female sex hormones)-Female babies are born with all the eggs they will have in their ovaries.-Ovum (egg) matures about every 28 days and passes into one of the oviducts oAlso called Fallopian TubesFertilization-Sperm swim up through the cervical canal through the uterus and into oviducts to reachthe egg. If sperm penetrates and fertilizes the egg, fertilization happens. It is now called a zygote. The zygote moves into the uterus and implants into the uterine wall. What can go wrong?-If the sperm die before reaching the egg, or the egg is not viable, no fertilization occurs.-If the zygote implants in the oviduct, it cannot grow, and can be life-threatening to the mother. (may not be able to conceive again!) -If the zygote does not implant, unneeded