HDFS 105 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 7 Lecture 1 January 21 Introduction to Human Development Identify and describe theories of development and the people who are associated with each Theory A systematic set of accepted assumptions or principals that explain certain events It organizes observations in a meaningful way and guides further research Major domains of development Biological o Growth increase in size that occurs with age o Maturation automatic biological changes that occur This happens in a set irreversible sequence Ability to crawl then walk Getting teeth Young women beginning menstruation Cognitive o Learning changes in behavior and thought as a result of environmental influences Balancing a check book Learning a second language Finding this class on the first day Socio Emotional o Relationships changes in emotion or personality affects interactions and feelings Affection we feel for others Toddlers aggressive behavior Infants smiling at parents Theories of development Psychoanalytic psychosocial theory A B C Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson How and why i Personality develops across universal stages ii iii At each stage person confronts developmental task A normal personality depends on success in traversing each stage Learning theories D Pavlov E Principals of classical conditioning i Behavior Is learned ii Learning involves series of stimuli and responses iii There are unconditional and conditional stimuli and responses Cognitive theory F Jean Piaget Individuals mental abilities Ethological theory sociobiology G Konrad Lorenz and Edward Wilson H Behavior is a product of evolution and is biologically determined I We are preprogrammed Sociocultural Theory J Lev Vygotsky K Focuses on guidance and structure provided by larger social context L Guided participation M Zone of proximal development Ecological Perspective N Uri Brofenbrenner O Individuals develop within a system of relationships or contexts i Microsystem ii Mesosystem iii Exosystem iv Macrosystem v Chronosystem your life transitions history Life span Perspective P Ways to view development i Lifelong ii Multidimensional biological socio emotional cognitive iii Multidirectional important issues change as we age iv Plastic capacity for change v Multidisciplinary all areas of social science are interrelated vi Contextual Lecture 2 January 26 What are the research methods used for Human Development What are the pros and cons of the research methods Longitudinal Study Study people for a period of years same group of people Problems o Takes too long to get results o High cost of sustained research o People miss appointments dropouts o People left may be a biased sample o Subjects may become test wise o Major social political event may happen may change the data war Cross Sectional Study Study a variety of ages to get an idea of what will likely happen over time Advantages over longitudinal study o Less time to complete to study o Most of the problems w longitudinal studies disappear time cost drop outs Problems o Participants are not really the same o It requires more participants o Cohort Effect One of the age groups may have been through something to make them different war depression political event Case Study Long term study of one person Advantage details insights Disadvantages relevance to only that person cannot be used to predict development of others Experimental Method Manipulation of variables to find a cause Dependent variable what happened Independent variable what caused the effect Control group Ex Medical experiment Problems o People behave differently in experimental situations especially children o With people 1 cant control all of the variables Naturalistic Observation Watch and record behavior without interference in the environment Advantage people behave normally Disadvantages o Can t control variables test cause and effect o Observers use different techniques for recording observations Are they equal o Observers disagree about what they saw Social Survey Study large groups often with questionnaires or phone polling Used often by sociologists Used in political polls Advantage large numbers of people can be use in a study Problems o Respondents may not give truthful statements o You may get a biased response sample ex Only middle class people o Validity problems with children need to feel comfortable Cross Cultural Study Helps determine what is dependent on culture Compares data b w cultures countries or societies Helps us see our own cultural biases Problems o Interpreting findings o Ex Study showed Mexican children shared better BUT b c those kids were from rural settings US kids were from urban settings Ethnography Field research that uses naturalistic observation to document a particular context Goal to grasp human development from a culture s point of view Why Development is bound to particular contexts in cultural life Ethical Standards for Research Responsible for welfare of subjects o Risks o Benefits o Informed consent o Confidentiality o Deception Lecture 3 January 28 What occurs during prenatal development What are the three periods of prenatal development Describe the process of human reproduction What are some complications that may occur during fertilization What are some methods of birth control How are birth defects detected Reproduction Two kinds of cells o Male gamete sperm o Female gamete egg Fuse to form a zygote fertilized egg Male reproductive system Pair of testes lay inside scrotum Testes produce sperm and androgens Androgens are male sex hormones Female Reproductive System Ovaries produce mature ova eggs Also estrogen and progesterone female sex hormones Female babies are born with all the eggs they will have in their ovaries Ovum egg matures about every 28 days and passes into one of the oviducts o Also called Fallopian Tubes Fertilization Sperm swim up through the cervical canal through the uterus and into oviducts to reach the egg If sperm penetrates and fertilizes the egg fertilization happens It is now called a zygote The zygote moves into the uterus and implants into the uterine wall What can go wrong If the sperm die before reaching the egg or the egg is not viable no fertilization occurs If the zygote implants in the oviduct it cannot grow and can be life threatening to the mother may not be able to conceive again If the zygote does not implant unneeded blood in uterus is shed menstrual period Methods of birth control Birth control methods not described