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UIUC HDFS 105 - Birth and the Newborn Infant

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HDFS 105 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. Life’s Greatest Miracle documentary film A. Definition of important terms Outline of Current Lecture I. BirthA. Parent-infant bondingB. Possible birth complications and risks II. The newborn infantA. Sensory capacities B. Wolff’s states of consciousness C. Feeding D. ReflexesE. SIDSF. TeratogensG. Circumcision Current LectureI. LaborA. Muscles of uterus rhythmically contract, pushing the infant downward toward the vagina (best when head first) B. Cervix relaxes, becomes shorter and wider, allowing infant to pass throughC. Averages about 14 hours, first baby, about 8 hours, second or subsequent (some can be as little as 2 hours long or as long as 36 hours long!) II. Unusual Presentations A. Transverse: (breech) baby coming feet first or bottom first (will require C-section and to cut through wall of uterus) B. Posterior: face up- "Sunny Side Up" (more pain for mother) C. These can create additional discomfort for mother, as this is not the most compact way out for the baby D. Transverse presentation may require Caesarian Section III. Birth These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A. Delivery- begins as the head passes through the cervix B. Ends when the baby has completed passage through the birth canalC. Usually takes 20 to 80 minutes IV. AfterbirthA. The placenta separates from the uterus and is expelled (requires a few more contractions and pushing- would cause infection if placenta is still inside)B. Cuts umbilical cord, etc. C. Usually takes about 20 minutes V. Apgar Scoring System A. Describes normalcy of baby's condition at birth B. 5 conditions evaluated: i. Body color ii. Heart rateiii. Reflexesiv. Respirationv. Muscle tone (if rigid- may be addicted to cocaine and other developmental problems) vi. Brazelton scale- very similar systemVI. Prepared childbirthA. Natural childbirth- variety of approaches that stress preparation of parents for active involvement in process. (in 1940's this referred to mother being awake, not drugged) B. Today, prepared childbirth training and pain relieving remedies are used together- parents make choices- goal is to reduce fear, anxiety, pain (will not cause side effects to baby) C. LeMaze method is one example VII. Parent-Infant Bonding A. Advantage of mother being awake and father present--> instant bonding (face-to-face contact- brings forward cycle of love and care- impacts the baby's cognitive abilities and attachment) B. Research shows that bonding will happen anyway (if father does not make it to hospital in time, mother under anesthesia due to emergency C-section, adoption) VIII. Birthing AccommodationsA. MidwiferyB. Home birth (with midwife available) C. Doula- labor coach at hospital to support mom's emotional needsD. Birthing rooms E. Family involvement and classesF. Birth in warm water pool (more comfort for baby) IX. Baby's birth experienceA. Research of Frederick LeBoyer led to today's more humane practices regarding baby's comfort. Published "Birth Without Violence" in early 1970's B. Treat baby as if it is aware of everything going on around it at birth C. Baby can feel warmth, cold D. Baby can feel pain, suffer trauma X. Possible complications A. Caesarean section- mother's pelvis too small, baby positioned abnormally B. Umbilical cord wrapped around babyC. Baby's heart rate unusual D. Baby ingests meconium (meconium = first bowel movement- if remains inside mom, could cause infection)E. Use of suction, forceps (if baby's heart is stopping) F. Complication from inherited diseases (If known, neonatal team would be waiting to accommodate the baby right after birth) XI. At risk infants A. Babies born prematurely are at risk for a variety of life-threatening complications B. The smaller the infant the greater the riskC. Much intervention is possible in today's neonatal intensive care units where in previous generations premature babies would have died XII. Fatherhood A. Are father's sympathy pains real? -No, but they are psychologically possible B. Father's nesting- industriousness just before the birth?C. Father's role in parenting infants?XIII. The Newborn Infant- Newborn's Sensory Capacities Visual A. Can focus and see contrast in first weekB. Respond to different levels of lightC. Prefer bright moving objects, patterns D. Prefer large unfamiliar objects E. Pay more attention to complex objectsF. Will look at mother's face longer than a stranger's face as early as 2 weeks old XIV. Newborn's Sensory Capacities Auditory A. Can coordinate listening and looking B. Turn heads to see where sounds occurC. Move bodies in synchrony to speech XV. Newborn's Sensory Capacities OlfactoryA. Produce change in respiration when exposed to certain odors B. Prefer the smell of mother's breast milk to that another woman's in research trials XVI. Newborn's Sensory Capacities Gustatory A. Can discriminate sweet, bitter, sour, salty- this is thought to be true even before birthB. Suck more slowly when given the sweet solution XVII. Newborn's Sensory Capacities TouchA. Sense of touch present while still in womb B. It was once thought the female infants were more sensitive to touch, but research shows that there is no difference between male and female neonates XVIII. Definitions A. Infancy- the first two years of lifeB. Neonate- the first two to four weeks after birthXIX. SleepA. Newborns sleep 16 or more hours per dayB. Roughly in 4 hour cycles- about 3 hours asleep and 1 hour awakeXX. Wolff's Newborn- State of ConsciousnessA. Regular sleep B. Irregular sleepC. DrowsinessD. Alert activity (awake but still inactive)E. Crying (most alert state) F. Brazelton's states are slightly different in name, though the same in activity level XXI. CryingA. Crying is how babies communicateB. Cries differ ini. Pitchii. Rhythmiii. Durationiv. Cries convey messages- hunger, discomfort, tired, frustration XXII. Feeding the infant A. Newborns eat 8 to 14 times per day B. Self-demanding feeding- parents should feed a baby when it is hungry XXIII. Breast Feeding (READ ARTICLE ONLINE ABOUT BREASTFEEDING) A. Offers close physical contactB. Is practical, cheap, readyC. Provides immunities to allergy, diseaseD. Linked with possible higher intelligenceE. May lower risk of ovarian and breast cancer in the motherXXIV. Bottle Feeding A. Mother has more physical freedomB. Father can be


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UIUC HDFS 105 - Birth and the Newborn Infant

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