HDFS 105 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Natural selection and adaptive behavior II. Genes and chromosomesIII. Epigenetic view IV. Reproduction/fertilization and the male and female reproductive system V. Methods of birth control and birth defects VI. The three periods of prenatal development (germinal, embryonic, fetal) Outline of Current Lecture I. Life’s Greatest Miracle documentary film A. Definition of important terms Current LectureI. Terms you need to know: A. Ovum (ova): a mature female reproductive cell (gamete) that can divide to make an embryo usually only after fertilization by a male cell. Conception occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube in a process called fertilization.B. Ovary: female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are producedC. Fallopian Tube (oviduct): pair of tubes along which eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus D. Uterus: organ in the lower female body where offspring are conceived and in which they gestate before birth; the womb E. Vagina: the muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the cervix of the uterusF. Cervix: the narrow neck-like passage forming the lower end of the uterus. The cervix dilates to about 10 cm. (4 in.) by the end of the first birth stage. The second birth stage begins when baby's head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal G. Sperm: male sex cell/gamete, typically consisting of a head, midpiece, and tail. It combines with the female gamete (ovum) to form a zygote H. Testes: male sex gland, located behind the penis in a pouch of skin called the scrotum. Testes produce and store sperm and male sex hormones. I. Ovulation: part of female menstrual cycle where a mature ovarian follicle (part of the ovary) discharges an egg (ovum/female gamete). During this process, the These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.egg travels down the fallopian tube where it may be met by a sperm and becomefertilized. J. Zygote: a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of 2 haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum. K. Embryo: an unborn offspring in the process of developmentL. Mitosis: type of cell division that results in 2 daughter cells each having the samenumber and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. M. Blastocyst: the inner layer of cells that develops during the germinal period. These cells later develop into the embryo. N. Amniotic fluid: the fluid surrounding a fetus within the amnion; clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds the unborn baby during pregnancy. It is containedin the amniotic sac. O. Placenta: life-supporting system that consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine. P. Umbilical Cord: life-supporting system containing 2 arteries and 1 vein that connect the baby to the placenta.Q. Teratogen: any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomesR. Labor: the process of childbirth, especially the period from the start of uterine contractions to delivery.S. Caesarean Section: surgical procedure in which the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen. T. Transverse (Breech): the baby's position in the uterus that causes the buttocks tobe the first part to emerge from the vagina U. Apgar Score: widely used method of assessing the health of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. This method evaluates an infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability. V. Fetus: an unborn offspring of a mammal, in particular an unborn human baby more than 8 weeks after conception. W. Germinal Period: period of prenatal development that takes place in the first 2 weeks after conception (includes creation of zygote, continued cell division, and attachment of zygote to uterine wall) X. Embryonic Period: period of prenatal development that occurs 2-8 weeks after conception. During this period, the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear. Y. Fetal Period: period of prenatal development between 2 months after conception and birth in typical pregnancies, lasting about 7 months. Z. Prenatal Period: this period, with the process of embryogenesis, begins after fertilization. Prenatal development happens during this period. It is the time in pregnancy between conception and birth (divided into 3 periods- germinal, embryonic, and fetal