HDFS 105 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Descriptions of research methods and their advantages/disadvantagesII. Ethical standards for researchOutline of Current Lecture II. Natural selection and adaptive behavior III. Genes and chromosomesIV. Epigenetic view V. Reproduction/fertilization and the male and female reproductive system VI. Methods of birth control and birth defects VII. The three periods of prenatal development (germinal, embryonic, fetal) Current LectureI. Natural SelectionA. Evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survives and reproduces. (Charles Darwin)II. Adaptive Behavior A. Behavior that promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitatB. (Ex.) Pregnancy morning sickness III. Ideas proposed by Evolutionary Developmental PsychologyA. Extended juvenile period has evolved b/c humans require time to develop a largebrain and learn the complexity of human social communitiesB. Many aspects of childhood function as preparation for adulthoodi. (Ex.) Little kids pretending to act like adultsC. Evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary societyi. Craving high calorie foods…IV. The Collaborative GeneA. Nucleus of each human cell contains chromosomes, made up of DNAB. Genes, units of hereditary info, are short segments of DNA C. They direct cells to reproduce themselves and assemble proteins which are the building blocks of cells and regulators that direct the processes of the bodyD. Genes interact to provide hereditary outcomes V. Genes and ChromosomesA. Human cells contain chromosomes made up of DNA, a complex molecule containing genetic infoThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.B. Genes are units of this hereditary infoVI. Chromosome Abnormalities (not tested on!) A. Abnormalities in chromosomes or lack of normal set of chromosomesB. Down Syndrome (extra chromosomes)C. Klinefelter Syndrome (extra X)D. Fragile X Syndrome (abnormal X)E. Turner Syndrome (missing X)F. XYY Syndrome (extra Y) VII. Gene Linked AbnormalitiesA. Cystic Fibrosis B. DiabetesC. HemophiliaD. Sickle Cell AnemiaE. Spina Bifida VIII. Epigenetic ViewA. Development is the result of interaction between heredity and environment.B. The genes we inherit act to define the person that we will grow to be.C. Also the environment we grow up in impacts the person we will become. D. Ex. Diabetes- genes and environment combine for impact (good diet, etc.) IX. ReproductionA. Two kinds of cells i. Male gamete- spermii. Female gamete- eggB. Fuse to form a zygote (fertilized egg) X. Male reproductive systemA. Pair of testes lay inside scrotumB. Testes produce sperm and androgens C. Androgens are male sex hormones XI. Female Reproductive SystemA. Ovaries produce mature ova (eggs)B. Also estrogen and progesterone (female sex hormones)C. Female babies are born with all the eggs they will have in their ovaries.D. Ovum (egg) matures about every 28 days and passes into one of the oviducts i. Also called Fallopian TubesXII. FertilizationA. Sperm swim up through the cervical canal through the uterus and into oviducts to reach the egg. If sperm penetrates and fertilizes the egg, fertilization happens. It is now called a zygote. The zygote moves into the uterus and implants into the uterine wall. XIII. What can go wrong?A. If the sperm die before reaching the egg, or the egg is not viable, no fertilization occurs.B. If the zygote implants in the oviduct, it cannot grow, and can be life-threatening to the mother. (may not be able to conceive again!)C. If the zygote does not implant, unneeded blood in uterus is shed- cause of menstrual period. XIV. Methods of birth controlA. Birth control methods not described in chapter 2B. Barrier methods (condoms)C. Hormonal methods (birth control pills to make your body thinks its already pregnant so egg is not released, patches)D. Intrauterine methods (putting something into the uterus and floats around to disturb the uterus so zygote is not implanted) XV. Discovering Birth DefectsA. Amniocentesis (needle implanted into a pregnant moms stomach and draws fluidfrom the sack; not typical to do unless woman has medical history) B. Blood tests- neural tube defects (if high alphafetoprotein)i. Checks alphafetoprotein in mother's blood (drawing blood from arm)C. Ultrasound (very common- bouncing sound waves off the abdominal cavity) D. Fetoscopy- tiny lens inserted into uterus (not tested on exam) E. Chorionic villus test, samples of placenta XVI. Prenatal DevelopmentA. Germinal Period (shortest one)i. Growth of the zygoteii. Establishment of link b/w zygote and support of motheriii. Mitosis: growth begins 1. Early cell divisions convert the zygote into a ball of cells called blastocyst2. In 6 or 7 days the blastocyst consists of about 100 cells 3. It implants into the wall of uterus4. Blastocyst separates into 2 layers of cells with specialized functions (organs, body structures) B. Embryonic Periodi. End of the 2nd to 8th week of pregnancy ii. Rapid growth and cell divisioniii. Placenta formsiv. Early structural appearance of organs v. Development of recognizable human body vi. Cephalocaudal Development 1. Development begins with the brain and proceeds down the body vii. Proximodistal Development 1. Development begins at the center of the body and proceeds outward 2. From the inside out- inner organs first- fingers and toes last C. Fetal Periodi. 9th week through birthii. Major organ systems continue to developiii. Organs assume specialized functions iv. Research suggests that hormones released by the fetus' pituitary gland may be what causes labor to begin, as well as miscarriage v. Sites most vulnerable to