HDFS 105 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Descriptions of research methods and their advantages disadvantages II Ethical standards for research Outline of Current Lecture II Natural selection and adaptive behavior III Genes and chromosomes IV Epigenetic view V Reproduction fertilization and the male and female reproductive system VI Methods of birth control and birth defects VII The three periods of prenatal development germinal embryonic fetal Current Lecture I Natural Selection A Evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survives and reproduces Charles Darwin II Adaptive Behavior A Behavior that promotes an organism s survival in the natural habitat B Ex Pregnancy morning sickness III Ideas proposed by Evolutionary Developmental Psychology A Extended juvenile period has evolved b c humans require time to develop a large brain and learn the complexity of human social communities B Many aspects of childhood function as preparation for adulthood i Ex Little kids pretending to act like adults C Evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society i Craving high calorie foods IV The Collaborative Gene A Nucleus of each human cell contains chromosomes made up of DNA B Genes units of hereditary info are short segments of DNA C They direct cells to reproduce themselves and assemble proteins which are the building blocks of cells and regulators that direct the processes of the body D Genes interact to provide hereditary outcomes V Genes and Chromosomes A Human cells contain chromosomes made up of DNA a complex molecule containing genetic info These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII B Genes are units of this hereditary info Chromosome Abnormalities not tested on A Abnormalities in chromosomes or lack of normal set of chromosomes B Down Syndrome extra chromosomes C Klinefelter Syndrome extra X D Fragile X Syndrome abnormal X E Turner Syndrome missing X F XYY Syndrome extra Y Gene Linked Abnormalities A Cystic Fibrosis B Diabetes C Hemophilia D Sickle Cell Anemia E Spina Bifida Epigenetic View A Development is the result of interaction between heredity and environment B The genes we inherit act to define the person that we will grow to be C Also the environment we grow up in impacts the person we will become D Ex Diabetes genes and environment combine for impact good diet etc Reproduction A Two kinds of cells i Male gamete sperm ii Female gamete egg B Fuse to form a zygote fertilized egg Male reproductive system A Pair of testes lay inside scrotum B Testes produce sperm and androgens C Androgens are male sex hormones Female Reproductive System A Ovaries produce mature ova eggs B Also estrogen and progesterone female sex hormones C Female babies are born with all the eggs they will have in their ovaries D Ovum egg matures about every 28 days and passes into one of the oviducts i Also called Fallopian Tubes Fertilization A Sperm swim up through the cervical canal through the uterus and into oviducts to reach the egg If sperm penetrates and fertilizes the egg fertilization happens It is now called a zygote The zygote moves into the uterus and implants into the uterine wall What can go wrong A If the sperm die before reaching the egg or the egg is not viable no fertilization occurs B If the zygote implants in the oviduct it cannot grow and can be life threatening to the mother may not be able to conceive again C If the zygote does not implant unneeded blood in uterus is shed cause of menstrual period XIV Methods of birth control A Birth control methods not described in chapter 2 B Barrier methods condoms C Hormonal methods birth control pills to make your body thinks its already pregnant so egg is not released patches D Intrauterine methods putting something into the uterus and floats around to disturb the uterus so zygote is not implanted XV Discovering Birth Defects A Amniocentesis needle implanted into a pregnant moms stomach and draws fluid from the sack not typical to do unless woman has medical history B Blood tests neural tube defects if high alphafetoprotein i Checks alphafetoprotein in mother s blood drawing blood from arm C Ultrasound very common bouncing sound waves off the abdominal cavity D Fetoscopy tiny lens inserted into uterus not tested on exam E Chorionic villus test samples of placenta XVI Prenatal Development A Germinal Period shortest one i Growth of the zygote ii Establishment of link b w zygote and support of mother iii Mitosis growth begins 1 Early cell divisions convert the zygote into a ball of cells called blastocyst 2 In 6 or 7 days the blastocyst consists of about 100 cells 3 It implants into the wall of uterus 4 Blastocyst separates into 2 layers of cells with specialized functions organs body structures B Embryonic Period i End of the 2nd to 8th week of pregnancy ii Rapid growth and cell division iii Placenta forms iv Early structural appearance of organs v Development of recognizable human body vi Cephalocaudal Development 1 Development begins with the brain and proceeds down the body vii Proximodistal Development 1 Development begins at the center of the body and proceeds outward 2 From the inside out inner organs first fingers and toes last C Fetal Period i 9th week through birth ii Major organ systems continue to develop iii Organs assume specialized functions iv Research suggests that hormones released by the fetus pituitary gland may be what causes labor to begin as well as miscarriage v Sites most vulnerable to damage