HDFS 105 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Current Lecture I. Defining theory, development, and cultureII. Major domains of development III. Theories of development and the people who are associated with each theoryCurrent LectureI. Theories of DevelopmentA.What is a theory?i.A systematic set of accepted assumptions or principals that explain certain events B.What does a theory do?i.Organizes observations in meaningful way ii.Guides further researchC.What do developmental theories explain?i.Nature vs. nurture! ii.How does development occur?iii.Why are people the way they are?II. DefinitionsA.Development: changes that occur over time- hereditary and environmental influencesi.Ex: 1.Hereditary- you have genes for small muscles2.Environment- you work out and develop moderate muscles B.Culture: social heritage of a peoplei.Learned patterns of thinking, feeling, acting, that are transmitted from one generation to the nextii.Social expectations define appropriate and inappropriate behavior at various III. Major domains of developmentA.Physical development i.Growth/maturationB.Cognitive i.LearningC.Psychosocial development These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i.Emotional/personality change IV. BiologicalA.Growth: increase in size that occurs with age B.Maturation: automatic biological changes that occur. This happens in a set, irreversible sequencei.Ability to crawl, then walkii.Getting teethiii.Young women beginning menstruationV. CognitiveA.Learning: changes in behavior and thought as a result of environmental influencesi.Balancing a check bookii.Learning a second language iii.Finding this class on the first day VI. Socio-Emotional A.Relationships: changes in emotion or personality, affects interactions and feelingsi.Affection we feel for othersii.Toddlers’ aggressive behavioriii.Infants’ smiling at parentsVII. Timing of developmental eventsA.Normative age graded influencesi.Relationship to chronological ageB.Normative history graded influencesi.Unique for each age cohortC.Non-normative life eventsi.Significance for individuals, not associated with age/history (don’t necessarily happen to everyone; could be positive)VIII. Historical definitions of age groups over timeA.Middle ages- no concept of childhoodB.Adolescence- defined in US- late 19th cen.- child labor laws, school legislationC.Retirement- what are some current changes in our society’s trends in retirement?(Thanks to modern medicine, technology) IX. Developmental theories/frameworksX. Psychoanalytic/psychosocial theoryA.Sigmund Freud B.Erik Erikson C.How and why?i.Personality develops across universal stagesii.At each stage person confronts developmental taskiii.A “normal” personality depends on success in traversing each stage XI. Learning theoriesA.Pavlov B.Principals of classical conditioningi.Behavior Is learnedii.Learning involves series of stimuli and responsesiii.There are unconditional and conditional stimuli and responsesXII. Cognitive theoryA.Jean PiagetB.How and why?i.Individuals’ mental abilitiesXIII. Ethological theory (sociobiology) A.Konrad Lorenz and Edward Wilson B.Behavior is a product of evolution and is biologically determined C.We are preprogrammed!XIV. Sociocultural TheoryA.Lev VygotskyB.Focuses on guidance and structure provided by larger social contextC.Guided participationD.Zone of proximal developmentXV. Ecological PerspectiveA.Uri BrofenbrennerB.Individuals’ develop within a system of relationships or contextsi.Microsystemii.Mesosystemiii.Exosystemiv.Macrosystemv.Chronosystem (your life, transitions, history)XVI. Life-span PerspectiveA.Ways to view developmenti.Lifelongii.Multidimensional (biological, socio-emotional, cognitive)iii.Multidirectional (important issues change as we age)iv.Plastic (capacity for change)v.Multidisciplinary (all areas of social science are